Scientific editor: M. Merkusheva, PSPbGMU them. Acad. Pavlov, general medicine.
October, 2018.
risk groups
Cancer among the male half of the "younger" population. If earlier the cancer genitalia detected predominantly in men older than 55 years, but now the experts are increasingly turning young people under 40. Moreover, with advanced cancers that require urgent surgical treatment. Therefore, doctors strongly recommend that patients comply with oncologic alertness, namely, in a timely manner to be screened for tumor markers.
Men are more likely to occur:
- prostate cancer,
- lungs' cancer,
- cancer of the colon and skin.
The probability of developing prostate cancer increases after age 65. The presence of close relatives with prostate cancer also increases the risk. In the presence of risk factors for a blood test for PSA should be done since 45 years.
Risk factors for colorectal cancer include: polyps, inflammatory bowel disease, overweight, eating foods with a high fat diet, smoking and lack of exercise life. With these factors onkoskrining should regularly from 45 years
It is believed, 8 out of 10 cases of lung cancer deaths are a result of smoking. But people who do not smoke can also be lung cancer.
Anyone who spends a lot of time in the sun may develop skin cancer. People with fair skin, especially with blond or red hair are more likely to develop skin cancer than people with dark skin1.
Why do onkoskrining
Tumor - a biologically active substance (proteins, hormones, enzymes) that are produced in body or property of malignant cells or healthy tissue, but against the backdrop of flowing pathological processes. The latter include inflammatory, autoimmune, endocrine, neurological and others. violations.
It is noticed that the concentration of tumor markers most directly correlated with disease stage. This makes it possible to determine not only skilled mere presence of a tumor, but also to determine the severity and aggressiveness of the cancer process. start torque expression (output) cancer proteins fixed long (several months) before onset of symptoms, which is the basis for early diagnosis of cancer. The earlier revealed a tumor, the easier and faster the process of treatment.
In addition, the results of the analysis for tumor markers reflect the degree of effectiveness of the treatment course. If the concentration of protein slowly but steadily decreases, so the selected treatment regimen over correct and effective. If, however, after declining indices again creeping up, it indicates an impending exacerbation (relapse) disease. Finally, the persistent increase in values to high numbers characteristic of metastatic cancer, t. E. tumor, metastasis has already given to neighboring organs and tissues.
But it is not always positive onkoskrininga due to malignancy. Some benign diseases can also trigger an increase values. Therefore, to avoid medical errors in the interpretation of results and diagnosis are assigned to additional tools, clinical research and hardware.
Indications onkoskriningu
Onkoskrining it is desirable to men over 50 times in 2 years. People younger children can be examined on their own or on the testimony.
- Belonging to the risk group on oncology:
- genetic predisposition (documented cases of cancer in close relatives);
- previously diagnosed cancer regardless of the shape and location;
- detected and persistent excess of allowable limits of testosterone;
- harmful working conditions;
- ecologically unfavorable situation in the place of residence;
- nicotinic and / or alcohol addiction;
- chronic stress and strain;
- benign prostatic hyperplasia;
- The presence of specific complaints by the patient on:
- sexual dysfunction (decrease in erection, impotence, reduction ejaculate volume);
- pain in the lower abdomen;
- impaired urination (acceleration / slowing, burning during urination, sense of not emptying your bladder completely and so forth.);
- the presence of blood in urine or feces;
- indigestion (heartburn, belching, pain);
- cough for a long time;
- changing the appearance of the skin;
- chronic fatigue, weight loss, fever and so on. d.
tumor markers panel for men
The list of indicators, which are markers for prostate cancer (prostate cancer), lung, thyroid, of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) t. E., Is determined by the physician individually, taking into account the reasons for the patient's treatment, data viewing and other studies.
Important! Norms vary depending on the reagents and equipment used in a particular laboratory. Therefore, when interpreting the results it is necessary to use standards adopted precisely in the lab where to be tested. It is also necessary to pay attention to the units.
The table below summarizes the averaged reference range.
Name oncomarker |
cancer pathology | The reference values (normal values) |
| CA 19-9 (Carbohydrate / cancer antigen) | All forms of digestive tract cancer, adenocarcinoma, pancreatic cancer | 0 - 37.0 U / ml |
| CA 72-4 (Carbohydrate / cancer antigen) | Stomach cancer | 0 - 6.9 U / ml |
| CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen) | Tumors of various localization, metastatic cancer | for non-smokers: 0 - 3.8 ng / ml; dry cleaning: 0 - 5.5 ng / ml. |
| CYFRA 21-1 (Cytokeratin 19 fragment) | Non-small cell lung cancer, bladder cancer, adenocarcinoma of the colon | 0 - 2.08 ng / ml |
| thyroglobulin (TG) - the precursor of thyroid hormones | Thyroid Cancer | 0 - 55.0 ng / ml |
| total PSA (Prostate specific antigen) | Prostate cancer | 0 - 4.0 ng / ml |
| free PSA | Prostate cancer, prostatic hyperplasia | for free PSA is not separately provided. |
| PSA index (% ratio of total PSA to free PSA) | Prostate cancer, prostatic hyperplasia | 25% and above - benign process; 10% or lower - poor prognosis |
| LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) | Tumors of various organs | 125.0 - 220.0 U / L |
| hCG (Human chorionic gonadotropin) | Testicular cancer, testicular, and other internal organs | 0 - 5.0 mU / ml |
| Acid phosphatase | prostate carcinoma in t. h. metastatic bone tumors | 0 - 6.5 U / l |
| AFP (Alpha-fetoprotein) | Primary liver cancer | 0 - 7.29 IU / ml |
As mentioned above, positive onkoskrininga can not be one hundred percent evidence of malignancy. Valid data is very often the result of other pathological processes in the body, violations of the rules preparation for the study, a strong emotional shock, excessive exercise, taking certain drugs.
Note: Analysis for tumor markers may be assigned as a block of several tests, and each component separately.
Only a comprehensive survey (a combination of laboratory and visual diagnostic techniques) to provide the most complete picture of the patient's condition at the time of treatment. Therefore, in the case of a positive result onkoskrininga do not need to panic, but should address to the competent doctor, who will plan the tactics of further examination and, if necessary, treatment.
onkoskrining also includes:
- basic laboratory tests (general blood analysis, urine, biochemical Tests indicated);
- Ultrasound of the prostate.
sources:
- 1.Cancer Facts for Men. - American Cancer Society. May, 2018.
