Scientific editor: M. Merkusheva, PSPbGMU them. Acad. Pavlov, general medicine.
April 2019
Synonyms: The protein S-100, S-100 protein.
Protein S 100 - a functional tissue-specific protein, which is produced by certain cells of the central nervous system and melanoma cells (skin cancer).
The diagnosis of malignant melanoma S 100 protein serves as a marker to predict the recurrence of the disease, treatment - control the status of the patient receiving anti-cancer therapy.
Analysis of protein S 100 is assigned to identify any brain damage in new-born, in the presence of asphyxia. In adults, the protein S 100 correlates with intracranial pathology, which allows to evaluate the severity of (Ischemic, traumatic) to the nervous tissue and 30% of cases avoid additional research.
Basic information
The term "protein S 100" integrated whole group of calcium-binding proteins of low molecular weight, found only in vertebrates. Altogether there are about 25. In the body, these proteins have many different functions and participate in a variety of domestic and extracellular processes regulate the cell cycle and apoptosis, and are involved in the development of cancer diseases.
Protein S 100 tissue- and kletochnospetsifichny, i.e. secreted only certain types of cells. In this case, increased production of a protein subspecies S 100 (B) is triggered by the activity of melanoma cells. But apart from this analysis can provide clinically important information and a number of other diseases: Alzheimer's disease, stroke or other neurological disease. In the case of traumatic injury of brain tissue, the subarachnoid hemorrhage, inflammation, this study will be very helpful too.
testimony
Assign a study and interpret the results narrow specialists: oncologist, cardiologist, neurologist, rheumatologist.
Diagnosis, monitoring the effectiveness of treatment and outcome prediction oncological, neurological, inflammatory, and others. diseases.
A study on biomarker S 100 is used in the following fields of medicine:
- Oncology - melanoma diagnosis (not for primary diagnosis, and monitoring of flow, the early detection of recurrence and metastasis), as well as some other malignancies;
- Neurology - diagnostics and monitoring of traumatic brain injury, neonatal asphyxia, Alzheimer's disease;
- Cardiology - diagnosis of acute ischemia, heart failure;
- Rheumatology - diagnosis and treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, psoriasis, etc.
Protein Norms S 100
Important! Rates can vary depending on the reagents and equipment used in a particular laboratory. That is why the interpretation of results it is necessary to use standards adopted in that laboratory, where medical tests. It is also necessary to pay attention to the units.
- 0-0,105 .mu.g / l.
factors of influence
cerebral involvement in the inflammatory process and, consequently, impaired blood brain barrier provoke mechanical release of S 100 in the blood stream.
Other cells and tissues (adipocytes, chondrocytes) is also capable of expressing the S 100 protein that is reflected in the results of the survey slight excess of the reference values.
Intense physical exercise in some way contribute to the S 100 index.
Increasing values
Oncologic pathology:
- melanoma;
- mammary cancer;
- lungs' cancer;
- stomach cancer;
- pancreas cancer;
- bladder cancer;
- prostate cancer;
- ovarian cancer;
Neurological disorders:
- damage of brain tissue caused by a metabolic disorder, trauma or hypoglycemia;
- spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage;
- disease Alzheimer's;
- ischemic stroke;
Heart disease:
- myocardial hypertrophy;
- acute ischemia (heart attack);
Inflammatory and autoimmune diseases:
- systemic lupus erythematosus;
- rheumatoid arthritis;
- psoriasis;
Other diseases:
- liver encephalopathy - neuromuscular and psychiatric disorders on the background of chronic liver insufficiency;
- scattered (multiple) sclerosis - severe CNS involvement occurs in young and middle-aged;
- worsening of manic-depressive psychosis;
- the effects of near-death and subsequent resuscitation of the patient.
In the presence of newborn asphyxia highest S 100 favors ischemic encephalopathy.
Oncology: melanoma
For primary diagnosis test protein S 100B impractical to conduct, since only the 2nd, 3rd and 4th step melanoma characterized by persistently elevated tumor marker level is directly proportional to the stage and progression disease. This property is widely used to predict the risk of metastasis and recurrence of the disease.
Monitoring of patients diagnosed with melanoma reflects the main clinical features onkoprotsessa. Thus excess protein standards S 100B fixed patients:
- without obvious symptoms - 5.5%;
- with regional metastases - 12.5%;
- with metastases in the skin / lymph nodes - 47.6%;
- with distant / visceral metastases - in 42.9% of cases.
The remaining protein dimers S 100 are used in the diagnosis of other types of cancer:
- S 100 (A4) - lung, breast, stomach, pancreas, urinary bladder;
- S 100 (A7) - lung cancer, ovary;
- S 100 (A9) - differential diagnosis of prostate cancer and benign prostate hyperplasia, cancer, etc..
Cyvorotochnye levels of S100 proteins can be used as an accurate diagnostic and prognostic marker in patients with suspected or diagnosed with colorectal neoplasia already1. Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer in men (after lung cancer and prostate) and the second most common cancer among women (after breast) cancer throughout world.
Damage to the brain
Increased levels of protein S 100 in the cerebrospinal fluid and then release it into the blood stream fixed with neurological disorders of various etiologies (trauma, stroke, hypoxia, hypoglycemia, and etc.).
Ischemic stroke is characterized by the growth of the values of this marker during the first 8 hours and maintaining the level in the first 3 days after the attack. In this case, the larger the area of brain tissue damage and heavier impacts, the higher concentration of protein S 100B.
The severity of subarachnoid hemorrhage as measured by the test results - the marker level greater than 0.3 mg / L indicative of poor course and outcome of the disease.
Damage to brain tissue resulting from trauma accompanied by increasing values of S 100 protein in serum and cerebrospinal fluid.
Diagnostic analysis of the value of S 100 protein with brain damage:
- sensitivity - 96,5-100%;
- specificity - 30-35%.
That is, almost all patients of the 100 tumor marker in the blood will be fixed above the norm. Thus 70% of the test will give a false positive result, i.e., erroneously detected in healthy individuals.
Only in some cases, traumatic brain injury test results need to be confirmed by the tomography examination. Negative test results with 100% certainty say the absence of brain damage.
Patients with moderate damage brain tissue without marked cognitive disorders exceeding threshold values of S 100 protein is observed in 31-48% of cases (depending on protein subtypes). In such situations, the results can not be considered as a predictive, especially in pediatric practice.
In emergency situations (cardiac arrest) after successful resuscitation increase in S 100 of more than 1.5 g / L indicates the development of severe neurological complications.
Autoimmune cardiovascular diseases
In patients suffering from systemic lupus erythematosus complicated by neurological disorders, this protein is also elevated.
Some protein dimers S 100 may indicate myocardial pathology as involved in the reduction of the heart muscle, or inflammatory Processes (bronchitis, rheumatoid arthritis, cystic fibrosis), t. k. and secreted by phagocytes participate in the immune response of an organism to inflammation. In patients with acute myocardial infarction marked increase in the level of S-100A1 in the blood.
Important! Interpretation of the results is always carried out comprehensively. An accurate diagnosis on the basis of only one analysis impossible.
decrease in value
- The high effectiveness of the course of therapy;
- Severe heart failure.
Preparation for analysis
The biomaterial for research: serum of venous blood.
Method fence biomaterial: cubital vein venipuncture.
The recommended duration of treatment: the morning from 8.00 to 11.00.
Mandatory requirement: strict fasting (during an overnight fast of 8-10 hours).
30 minutes prior to blood donation should refrain from the use of nicotine.
sources:
- 1. Moravkova P., Kohoutova D. Role of S100 Proteins in Colorectal Carcinogenesis. - Gastroenterology Research and Practice, Jan 2016.
- 2. R. Donato, B.R. Cannon. Functions of S100 Proteins. - Current molecular medicine, Jan 2013.
