ARI (acute respiratory disease) - a collective term that characterizes all possible diseases respiratory tract - viral, microbial, viral and microbial clean, as well as caused by intracellular parasites.
The main manifestations of acute respiratory infections are hitting all parts of the respiratory tract - from the nose and throat to the bronchial tubes and lungs.
Respiratory infections affect all population groups from newborn to old age. This is a seasonal disease, occurring at change of the seasons - the autumn-winter and early spring.
Acute respiratory infections often cause epidemic taking massive. The most difficult of these infections occur in infants and debilitated people. Feature ARI is frequent combination of mixed flora (bacteria in combination with viruses or protozoa) which complicates the diagnosis and treatment of these infections.
By type of pathogen are three large groups of acute respiratory diseases of viral, microbial, caused by protozoa, mixed infections (viral, microbial, microbial-microbial, viral and protozoa).
Causes
ARI can cause more than 200 types of viruses:
All of them belong to certain groups: rhinoviruses, adenoviruses, Coronaviruses, enteroviruses, parvavirusy, influenza viruses, respiratory viruses, etc. sentitsialnye.
Furthermore, respiratory infections cause widespread microbes such as Haemophilus influenzae, several strains of pneumococcus, meningococcus, streptococci several species, staphylococci, Legionella, Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Additionally, OCR can cause pathogens such as mycoplasma and chlamydia different species.
Pathogen enters through the upper airways, is fixed on the mucous and multiplies, damages the mucous membranes. In this case, the primary manifest signs of ARI - swelling and inflammation in the nose and throat. With reduced immunity pathogen spreads rapidly down the respiratory tract. Usually after undergoing formed strong immunity disease, but because of the abundance of pathogens ARI can match repeatedly and in varying degrees of severity.
The symptoms of acute respiratory infections
All the clinical picture of acute respiratory infections can be divided into two broad categories: respiratory catarrhal symptoms, general infectious symptoms.
For respiratory manifestations of acute respiratory infections include:
- runny nose,
- dry or wet cough,
- manifestations acute tonsillitis,
- sore throat, sore, red,
- manifestations false croup,
- voice changes - hoarseness, hoarseness,
- manifestations conjunctivitis,
Common infectious manifestations include:
- fever,
- malaise, headache,
- loss of appetite, refusal to eat,
- and sometimes an increase in liver and spleen,
- swollen lymph nodes,
- toxicosis symptoms - anemia, paleness, nausea.
- pain in muscles, joints,
- skin rashes.
Diagnostics
The basis of the diagnosis of ARI clinical picture data supplemented blood count with signs of microbial or viral inflammation.
When microbial ARI will leukocytosis, in viral - lymphocytosis.
To determine the type of microbial pathogen must be seeding of mucus from the nose and throat, as well as Serological diagnosis - determination of antibody titer is increased by several times, or DNA of the pathogen.
Additional diagnostic methods include chest x-ray and ultrasound viscera.
ARI treatment
Treatment methods depend largely on how the agent caused by acute respiratory infections. Common activities include:
- drinking plenty of fluids,
- Diet - a warm, pureed food,
- bed rest.
If it is viral respiratory diseases, only symptomatic treatment is necessary, when microbial ARI prerequisite is the use of antibiotics broad spectrum (penicillins, cephalosporins), and for mycoplasma and chlamydial infections - specific treatment (or macrofoams rulid).
The rest of the treatment principles are similar for all types of ARI:
- antipyretics (Nurofen, paracetamol - children, adults say aspirin in a soluble form)
- anti sprays, lozenges, tablets (Tantum verde, strepsils)
- antitussives, expectorants (sinekod, ACC, Ascoril)
- means of a cold (Salina akalor, pinosol)
- vitamin C, multivitamins,
- traditional medicine (lime blossom tea with honey, milk and butter).
In most ARI prognosis is favorable, there is complete recovery. For certain types of ARI developed specific prevention methods:
- flu vaccine,
- Hib vaccine (Act-HIB)
- Pneumococcal vaccine (Prevenar or pneumatic 23)
- meningococcal vaccine (meningo A + C).
