Overview
With the ability to Trichinella form around them to maintain a comfortable life capsule, parasites can without harm to themselves exist in the host up to 20 years. These capsules accumulate calcium and thereby protect uninvited "guests" from the effects of temperature, chemical compounds, and immune cells. It should be noted that the hidden symptoms of trichinosis in humans subsequently greatly complicates the treatment of advanced disease.
Trichinosis among mammals are widely distributed. It can be found on almost every continent, except Australia. But very often this pathology occurs in the northern hemisphere.
How do I find specialists, the largest number of Trichinella infected animals and, consequently, the people found in the United States, Poland and Germany. Somewhat less, but still quite often, this pathology is found in Russia (especially in northern regions), Belarus and Ukraine.
Trichinosis is usually detected at the same time a group of people - members of the same family or the company's total, which was conducted with the use of meat meal, trichinous. Seen and seasonal nature of the disease. Typically, it is a flash in the autumn and winter, when the villages of slaughtered pigs, and hunting season is in full swing.
Causes
Human infection occurs in the process of eating poorly processed meatHaving larvae Trichinella. They get there after domestic or wild animal will have a drink contaminated water or eat food with insects that carry the parasites.
Particularly dangerous in this sense domestic pigs contained in free conditions or in pigsties populated rodents.
Interestingly, in lard parasites can not survive without meat veins, but if it has at least a little bit of meat - a product may be dangerous. Dangerous it can also be smoked, cured and dried meat. Particular attention in this regard should be paid to the meat of wild animals - bears, badgers, nutria, etc.
From human to human trichinosis is not transmitted.
Classification
The susceptibility of people to trichinellosis is very high. Trichinella larvae rapidly deposited in the muscle, traveling to the body through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. And depending on how the process of their development, in medicine, there are three stages of manifestation of trichinosis.
Invasion. This is the initial stage, during which the worms begin to actively proliferate. As a rule, it causes the infected nausea, upset stool, pain in the abdomen, Colic and copious vomiting.
dissemination. During this stage, the larvae settle in the muscles and tissues. It is manifested swelling of the face, muscle pain, allergic reactions and a sharp increase in temperature (sometimes up to 40 ° C).
encapsulation. This step is often considered recovery as the patient begins to feel better. But the larvae, forming capsules in muscles form therein erosionThat can cause the development of the inflammatory process and various complications.
symptoms
The first manifestations of trichinosis can find no earlier than one week after infection. The maximum incubation period of trichinosis - a month. At the same time it noted that the earlier the symptoms appear, the harder it is for him. Basically, it passes undulating - acute periods alternate relative "calm".
Typically, the process starts with the appearance of the common symptoms that resemble the symptoms of acute respiratory infections or food poisoning: the patient feels weak, he had a headache and fever.
On the face, limbs, and then on loose tissue and internal organs shell infected human brain edemas, which typically hold about 14 days.
For the first few days of the appearance of trichinosis is characterized pain in the muscles of the legsWhich is gradually spreading to the whole body. In some cases, it does not allow the patient to perform even the most simple movements, leading to contractures and sometimes to complete immobilization.
On the skin of the patient can be observed polymorphic eruptionsWith no clear localization.
By the swelling of the eyelids join small hemorrhages in the conjunctiva of the eye, develops photophobia, lacrimation increased. Movement of the eyeball become painful and limited, and the sight deteriorates considerably.
Especially strong pain gives Trichinella defeat chewing and neck muscles. And the large number of them is usually observed in the muscles language.
Abdominal syndrome - this is another manifestation of trichinosis. The patient at the same time complaining of abdominal cramps, indigestion and flatulenceIndicating that the inflamed intestinal mucosa. In severe cases, this process takes the form of necrotizing intestinal walls with breakthroughs (perforation) and internal bleeding that may cause patient death.
In severe trichinosis is also often accompanied by sleep disorders, depressive state, The occurrence of delirium, hallucinations, seizures and neurological disorders.
Almost half of newly infected with trichinosis, the disease is severe. Among the causes that can lead to death in the disease process described basically takes place allergic myocarditisDuring which the patient has tachycardia attacks, arrhythmias and coronary disease.
No less dangerous is the development of pneumoniaSometimes complicated pleurisy or asthma. I should say that infiltrates formed worms, do not respond to antibiotics, but quickly enough to treat glucocorticoid hormones.
Diagnostics
When the diagnosis of trichinosis have difficulty differentiating the disease from other pathological conditions the muscles. A special feature of this disease is the prevalence of pain over the violation of muscle function, while, for example, in polymyositis characterized as pain and a skin rash, muscle noticeable expressed weakness.
Therefore, if sufficient reason to suspect that a patient trichinosis, held laboratory tests his stool, In which it is possible to detect the larvae of the parasite. But the most informative method for the detection of the disease is described by tissue biopsy or trapezoidal gastrocnemius muscle and a blood test for antibodies.
Treatment
Practice shows that the most effective being treated, begun in the early stage of the disease. Trichinella at this time are actively multiplying in the patient's body and settled, and their capsules are quite vulnerable to the effects of drugs.
Trichinosis patient often placed in a hospital, as the clinical picture of trichinosis is usually unstable in nature and propensity to develop severe complications.
Especially important for children hospitalized with suspected trichinosis.
The treatment regimen is built depending on the main symptoms and severity of patient's condition. It is most often include worming drugs like thiabendazole, albendazole, Vermoxum etc.
They added anti-inflammatory drugs (Nimesulide or ibuprofen) For pain relief as well as relief of possible inflammations.
In order to reduce allergic reactions in the form of swelling and rashes on the skin, patients prescribed antihistamines - Suprastin, tavegil and others.
To avoid toxic shock, possible when using anthelmintic funds, the patient is prescribed prednisolone, dexamethasone and other glucocorticoids.
If necessary, apply at trichinosis symptomatic agentsFor example, for the correction of mental disorders or cardiac activity.
Muscle pain may persist for six months after the onset of the disease, so patients are advised to make walking and give your muscles a little exercise.
prevention
Trichinosis - a serious disease that can cause serious damage to the patient's health. To prevent its development, it is necessary to comply with strict rules on the preparation of meat products.
The meat should be subjected to prolonged heat treatment.
During its preparation must ensure that the temperature in the piece of meat does not fall below 75 ° C (that is lethal to helminths). For this purpose, a special cooking thermometer.
Store meat can only frozen, But the temperature should not rise above minus 23 ° C, because only under these conditions parasites do not retain their viability.
Forecast
If trichinosis flows easily and has erased symptoms, as a rule, recovery occurs within two weeks. In the case of the average disease severity, the process takes up to four weeks and a residual manifestations of muscle pain and fatigue lasting more 2 months. Heavy same course of the disease may require treatment for 12 months.
But, unfortunately, even completely healed trichinosis leaves a serious injury in different organs (respiratory tract, nervous and cardiovascular systems). Serious damage described disease causes and immunity of the patient, almost destroying it.
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