Hypochromic anemia - a disease of the blood system, which reduces the level of color index. Normally, in healthy humans, it is 0.8 - 1.1 and shows a content of hemoglobin (the protein complex) in 1 erythrocyte. It is calculated by dividing the amount contained in 1 ml of blood hemoglobin in red blood cell count (taken first 3 digits) and then multiplying by a factor of 3.
Hypochromia accompanied thalassemia (hereditary abnormality of hemoglobin) Iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) and chronic hemorrhagic anemiaArising as a result of chronic (slow) hemorrhage.
why is there
Hypochromic anemia cause:
- Chronic bleeding (gastrointestinal, uterine, lung, menstrual). The causes may be peptic ulcer, gynecological diseases (endometritis, endometriosis, tumors, erosion), anal fissures, and hemorrhoids.
- Helminth infections.
- Exudative diathesis. It is common cause anemia in children.
- Diseases of the blood system (incoagulability blood, Hemorrhagic diathesis).
- Frequent blood donation.
- Hemodialysis.
- Chronic renal failure.
- Impaired iron absorption. This element is part of hemoglobin. Causes of inadequate absorption of iron are parasitic infection hypoacid gastritis, malabsorption syndrome, chronic inflammatory bowel disease and removing a portion of the stomach.
- Insufficient intake of iron from food. Observed in short supply in the diet of meat and meat products. The risk group includes vegetarians.
- Anorexia (exhaustion).
- Artificial feeding of the child.
- Liver dysfunction.
- The increased need for iron. Observed during puberty, when infectious diseases and during childbearing.
- Genetic mutations.
- DIC.
- Hypovitaminosis ascorbic acid.
- Sepsis.
- Radiation sickness.
- Mechanical damage of blood vessels.
- Extensive myocardial infarction.
- Rupture of the fallopian tubes.
- Aneurysm rupture.
When hypochromic anemia reason may lie in systemic diseases (SLE), vasculitis, Prolonged use of alcohol and irrational medication (NSAIDs, antacids, iron-binding preparations).
What are the symptoms
Hypochromic anemia do not have specific symptoms. The most common signs are:
- Muscle weakness. This symptom is most pronounced in iron deficiency anemia, since these people reduced iron levels in the blood, and this compound is a member of myoglobin muscle protein. The muscles of patients with decrease in volume and may atrophy.
- Fast fatiguability.
- Low physical activity.
- Dyspnea.
- Frequent palpitations.
- Dryness and peeling of the skin, loss of elasticity.
- Thinning, dull, brittle and hair loss on the head.
- The early appearance of gray hair.
- Thinning, delamination and brittle nails.
- Dryness and pallor of the mucosa of the mouth.
- The presence of Zayed and cracks.
- tooth loss.
- Dyspeptic disorders as abdominal pain and disorders of the chair.
- Respiratory disorders (dry cough, sore throat, foreign body sensation of presence).
- language loss (GLOSS). Manifested by burning, smoothing papillae, pain, redness and cracks.
- Violation of smell and taste sensitivity.
- Neurological symptoms.
- Blackouts and the presence of flies. Observed in patients with chronic post-hemorrhagic anemia.
- Convulsions.
The symptoms of thalassemia include pale or sallow skin tone, enlarged liver and spleen, as well as signs of other organs.
Diagnostics
By the methods of diagnosing anemia hypochromic include:
- patient survey.
- External and physical examination.
- General and biochemical blood tests. When iron deficiency anemia decreased hemoglobin level falls color index observed microcytosis (prevalence abnormally small RBC) and poikilocytosis (deformation of red blood cells), decreased serum iron concentration and ferritin. Reducing the color index of blood - the most permanent feature. In thalassemia detected mishenevidnye erythrocytes indirect bilirubin and increased serum iron.
- Molecular genetic testing. Informative for suspected thalassemia.
- X-ray of the skull. It allows to suspect thalassemia.
- US.
- General urine analysis.
- Bone marrow examination.
- Coagulation.
- Examination of faeces.
Reduced hemoglobin is characteristic for iron deficiency anemia. Norma hemoglobin in men 140-160 g / l in women 130-150 g / l. In addition, may require fecal occult blood FEGDS, colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, gynecological examination, hysterosalpingography, analysis on helminth eggs and an electrocardiogram (in the development of complications side of the heart). Differential diagnosis with hereditary microspherocytosis, B12-deficient, folic acid, haemolytic anemia and acute hemorrhagic anemia.
How to cure
When treatment is complex hypochromic anemia. The objectives of treatment are:
- elimination of the etiological factors (treatment of helminthiasis, diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, infectious disease);
- normalized color index, hemoglobin iron and the number of erythrocytes;
- elimination of symptoms;
- prevention of complications.
The main aspects of treatment are:
- Adherence to a strict diet.
- on medicines.
- Transfusion (transfusion of blood components). This is required in the case of low pressure, hemoglobin and reducing injury to vital organs.
- The use of folk remedies.
- Splenectomy. Shown in thalassemia and enhanced spleen (hypersplenism).
Thalassemia may need a bone marrow transplant.
drug therapy
In the treatment of hypochromic anemia can be applied:
- Antianaemia means (Sorbifer Durules, Ferro-Folgamma, Ferrum Lek). These formulations are shown at hypochromia in combination with iron deficiency.
- Glucocorticoids. Can be used in thalassemia.
- Anti-inflammatory drugs. Showing enteritis and enterocolitis.
- Antiparasitic agents (biltricid, Vermoxum, Nemozol). Apply when hypochromia caused by helminths.
- Haemostatics (Vikasol). Showing in hemorrhagic syndrome.
- Complexing Compound (Eksidzhad, Desferal). Assign with thalassemia.
Folk remedies
Treat in hypochromic anemia adults and children can use the people's money. At low levels of iron effective beet, yeast and fermented vegetable juice. When used thalassemia grass rich in zinc and folic acid (oats, red clover, nettle, burdock root, dandelion and parsley). From them you can prepare decoctions and infusions, and taken orally.
diet therapy
Patients need to enrich the diet of meat, offal (liver), eggs, cheese, prunes, sea cabbage, beet baked (improves hemoglobin), cereals (buckwheat), apples and peaches. Improve the absorption of iron vitamin C, succinic acid and citric acid, it is recommended to use currants, cabbage, citrus and rose hip.
When hypochromic anemia with iron deficiency need to reduce the consumption of strong tea, coffee, rice, soy, fish and seafood, milk and chocolate. The most useful products of animal origin. Such a diet should be followed for at least a month before the normalization of the color indicator.
prevention
Methods of prevention hypochromic anemia are:
- nutrition (inclusion in the diet of meat, the menu enriched fruits and berries);
- rejection of vegetarianism;
- treatment of existing diseases of the intestine;
- thorough washing hands before eating and thermal processing of water, meat, and fish (reduces risk of helminth infection);
- Warning intoxication;
- treatment of vascular diseases;
- maintain hemoglobin level and red blood cells at the proper level;
- treatment of blood disorders;
- vitamins (ascorbic acid).
Specific prophylaxis offline.
Prognosis and possible complications
You need to know not only what hypochromic anemia, but also what it is dangerous. With timely treatment and the elimination of all risk factors for prognosis. Thalassemia he is aggravated, possibly fatal. Complications hypochromic anemia are:
- Cardiomyopathy (heart failure).
- Delayed psychomotor and intellectual development of the child.
- Mucous membranes and skin.
- Gastritis.
- Hair loss.
- Anemic coma.
- Organ failure (lungs, kidneys, heart).
- Infectious complications.
- Arrhythmia.
- The deterioration of the brain.
The most dangerous form of large thalassemia in which anemia is combined with multiple organ failure.
