Hemolytic anemia - is, in simple words, a disease in which the accelerated destruction of blood cells. The pathology occurs in waves, it can cause a condition dangerous to the life of the patient. The effectiveness of therapy depends upon timely diagnosis. In children, the disease is more severe than in adults, the risk of complications is higher. Treatment is prescribed within existing symptoms and type of pathology.
Classification
The disease can be detected by chance during routine examinations, including general blood testing, but diagnosis is not enough to determine what is hemolytic anemia, - it is important to take into account the form of the appointment of therapy disease. In medical practice to devote congenital and acquired diseases. If it is impossible to establish the cause of her illness is classified as idiopathic.
hereditary forms
In the presence of this pathology in a parent or effect on the organism of the pregnant negative factors formed hemolytic anemia. The classification provides for the division of pathology such subspecies:
- Nesferotsitarnaya. Developed with a deficiency of the enzyme activity necessary for the existence of the red blood cells. Often the disease is diagnosed in patients with disorders of the cardiovascular system.
- Chauffard-Minkowski. For microspherocytic anemia characterized by red blood cell mutation contributes to changing their shapes on the oval.
- Membranopatiya. The destruction of red blood cells defect causes blood cell membranes.
- Thalassemia. It characterized not only rapid destruction of red blood cells, but production and impaired hemoglobin process.
acquired forms
Hemolytic anemia can develop in a healthy child or adult body when exposed to negative factors. This group includes anemia:
- Traumatic. Pathology caused by damage to red blood cells when mounted in the circulatory system of the heart or prosthetic device to stimulate the blood circulation.
- Toxic. Develops on the background of intoxication drugs, pesticides, natural toxins that destroy red blood cells.
- Infectious. Some bacteria and parasites, such as malaria parasite, have the ability to destroy blood cells.
Causes
The cause of hemolytic anemia may be:
- Congenital cardiovascular system.
- Leukemia.
- Toxic effects on the blood cells.
- Conducting blood transfusions are not appropriate for the group, Rh.
- The pathogenic activity of parasites.
- Long-term use of certain drugs.
Symptomatology and diagnosis
Symptoms of the disease may be present constantly or register only during the hemolytic crisis. The classic symptom of a disease is considered to be the acquisition of integuments yellow hue. When Stroke hemolytic anemia symptoms become pronounced in this case is determined by:
- Hyperthermia. Body temperature rises to 38 ° C. In most cases, such a change in the body is registered in children.
- Jaundice. This syndrome is triggered by excessive production of indirect bilirubin, which enters the digestive tract. In addition, there is an increased concentration of urobilin. Failure provokes change the natural color of the skin and mucous membranes.
- Low levels of hemoglobin in the blood.
- Hepatosplenomegaly. Long term course of the disease or its severe form promotes disorders provoking an enlarged spleen and liver.
- Pain in the abdomen, the kidneys.
- Violation of bone formation in children.
- Malformations in the fetus, in Vol. H. disproportion of body parts.
- Pain syndrome resembling unpleasant sensations in myocardial infarction.
- Violation of the chair.
Contacting a physician is necessary to pass the appearance inspection pallor, weakness, and general feeling of heaviness in the upper quadrant on the right side. The therapist conducts inspections and issues a direction to the CBC. In the event parameters of the patient referred to a hematologist standards.
In the primary receiving physician evaluates the condition of the skin, performing abdominal palpation to detect liver enlargement. Additionally hematologist clarifies the presence of the disease in close relatives of the patient. To confirm the diagnosis and determine the forms of pathology patient must:
- Donate blood for general analysis, determine the concentration of bilirubin, hemoglobin, erythrocyte.
- Pass ultrasound to determine the size of the spleen and liver.
In some cases, these methods may not be sufficient, then the resort:
- By Coombs, carried by blood transfusion to the patient with healthy blood cells.
- By studying the shape of red blood cells.
- To study amount of serum iron in blood.
How to treat
Hemolytic anemia treatment assigned hematologist physician, taking into account severity of disease, its shape, the presence of concomitant illnesses and response of the patient to the applied therapy. treatment foundation is a set of activities that contribute to the elimination or reduction of the intensity of hemolyzing factors.
medicines
Intensive therapy is conducted in hemolytic crises. The patient is administered vitamin therapy, infusion solutions. In autoimmune diseases form applied treatment with glucocorticosteroids, e.g. prednisolone. This approach helps to suppress and stop hemolysis. If necessary, the patient can be treated and immunosuppressants via, e.g. azathioprine, chlorambucil.
When infectious pathology form may further be used antimalarial, demand Pharmaceuticals representative of this group is Chloroquine. To suppress the activity of pathogenic bacteria are used antibiotics.
When gemoglobinobinurii shown holding a blood plasma transfusion procedures and the washed red blood cells. Additionally, the patient is assigned to a course anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents.
Toxic form pathology requires supplementation for detoxification, hemodialysis, forced diuresis. With the development of the immune system of a negative response to drugs and their antidotes overdose require the introduction.
Operation
Pathology Treatment involves surgically splenectomy. During the operation, the spleen is removed. The indication for surgery is the ineffectiveness of drug therapy. In the case of splenectomy microspherocytosis considered the only effective way of suppressing hemolysis.
prevention
Ways to prevent development of the disease can be divided:
- On the primary, providing prevention of the disease. This group includes the rejection of bad habits, proper nutrition, timely and proper treatment of infectious diseases.
- On the secondary, aimed at preventing the development of a crisis already diagnosed disease. Hemolytic anemia require regular patient surveys at a hematologist, leading a healthy lifestyle, the implementation of all directions of the doctor.
To reduce the risk of disease development in a child pair at the stage of planning of pregnancy is necessary to pass a preliminary examination and consult a hematologist.
complications
Hemolytic crisis is able to trigger the development of anemic coma. Other pathology complications include:
- Development of tachycardia.
- The persistence of the arterial pressure at the level below normal.
- The decrease in urine output.
- The development of renal failure.
- Cholelithiasis.
The patient is constantly experiencing weakness in the cold time of the year may increase the symptoms of anemia.
