Anemia in children - a blood abnormality, in which decreases the total number of red blood cells and hemoglobin content in them, which leads to tissue hypoxia and shock and multiple organ systems (skin, mucous membranes, brain brain). There are the following types of them:
- iron deficiency;
- B12-deficient (due to cobalamin deficiency);
- folievodefitsitnoy (attributed to a deficiency of vitamin B9);
- hemolytic (thalassemia, hemolytic disease);
- posthemorrhagic (associated with blood loss);
- hypoplastic (developed as a result of the defeat of hematopoiesis).
In 40% of cases, this pathology is detected in the blood of children under 3 years. For a normal child hemopoiesis (hematopoiesis) into the body should do the various substances (vitamins, proteins, iron and trace elements) in the desired amount. Their deficiency leads to anemia.
why is there
Causes of anemia in children are:
- Prenatally (appearing immediately prior to delivery at gestation).
- Intrapartum (occurring during delivery).
- Postnatal (arising after birth).
antenatal factors
Risk factors during fetal development are:
- Preeclampsia (toxemia of pregnancy later form).
- Placental insufficiency. Occurs when thrombosis, antiphospholipid syndrome, tissue hypoxia and anemia in expectant mothers.
- Bleeding.
- Bacterial, parasitic and viral infections mother.
- Malnutrition.
- Multiple pregnancy.
- The risk of miscarriage.
This is the most common predisposing factors of anemia in children.
intrapartum factors
anemia causes are:
- Severe blood loss during delivery.
- Premature detachment of the placenta. This status may be caused by somatic pathology mother (diabetes, hypertension, pyelonephritis), trauma, harmful habits, autoimmune disorders, fragility and increased permeability of blood vessels and chronic inflammatory diseases uterus.
- Early ligation of the umbilical cord.
- Late ligation of the umbilical cord.
- Improper handling of the umbilical ring.
- Obstetric benefits.
postnatal factors
Anemia in the baby after birth can cause:
- Hemolytic disease. When the pathology observed destruction of red blood cells in the background of the incompatibility of blood between mother and fetus.
- bone marrow failure.
- Congenital anomalies of hemoglobin synthesis (hemoglobinopathies).
- Monotonous diet.
- Early transfer to artificial feeding children.
- Application nizkoadaptirovannyh infant formula.
- Late introduction of complementary foods.
- Large iron costs. Observed in preterm and low birth weight children. The need for this element increases during puberty and enhanced metabolism at the background of intense loads.
- Chronic blood loss. This is the main cause of chronic post-hemorrhagic form of anemia. Risk factors are hemophilia, gastrointestinal bleeding, ulcers, gynecological problems in girls, bleeding gums, vitamin C vitamin deficiencies, diathesis, anal fissures and hemorrhoids.
- Acute blood loss. Possible trauma, injuries and surgical interventions.
- Helminth infections.
- Lack of food in the menu, rich in folic acid, iron and cobalamins. Most often, anemia develops in vegetarianism and veganism, when from the diet completely exclude meat and other animal products (liver, fish, seafood).
- Food allergy.
- Exudative diathesis. Accompanied by increased excretion of the iron body.
- Malabsorption and iron absorption. The reasons are malabsorption, malnutrition, chronic enteritis, intestinal cystic fibrosis, rickets, celiac disease and atrophic gastritis.
- Chronic infectious diseases (tuberculosis, malaria, fungal infections, pyelonephritis, bacterial endocarditis).
- Leukemia (blood cancer).
- Collagen.
- Poor sanitary conditions of children living.
- The deficit in the body of cobalt, copper and magnesium.
- Family history.
- Fermentopathy.
- Liver disease (cirrhosis, inflammation).
manifestations
Symptoms and treatment of anemia in the child knows not everyone. The most common symptoms of anemia in children are:
- Unhealthy skin color (pallor).
- peeling of the skin and its dryness.
- Fragility and nail deformity.
- The loss of hair shine and hair loss.
- Pallor earlobes (Filatov sign).
- Cracks in the palms and corners of the mouth. When anemia is often aphthous stomatitis (inflammation of the oral mucosa), and there is language loss (GLOSS).
- Weakness.
- Lethargy.
- Lethargy.
- Headache and dizziness.
- Tearfulness.
- Fainting (in older children).
- Reduced muscle tone.
- Enuresis (bedwetting).
- Sleep disturbance.
- Hypotension. This is often a sign of anemia in children. Chance of orthostatic collapse (sudden decrease in blood pressure when you change the baby's position from horizontal to vertical).
- Tachycardia.
- Dyspepsia. The reason - the violation of the stomach and bowel function. Observed food regurgitation, nausea, diarrhea and bloating.
- Increase of the spleen and liver. There is not in all forms of anemia.
- Slow weight gain.
- Difficulty swallowing.
- Respiratory symptoms as chest pain and shortness of breath.
- Noise in ears.
Diagnostics
If you suspect a child anemia will need:
- Physical examination.
- General blood analysis. Determined contents of all blood cells, color index, hemoglobin, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and others.
- Biochemical research. Determined concentrations of serum iron, ferritin and erythropoietin. In liver and kidneys on the background of anemia may indicate increasing concentrations of urea, creatinine, amylase, transaminases and bilirubin.
- Analysis of blood on vitamins.
- Investigation of bone marrow.
- Puncture.
When anemia associated with low levels of iron in the body, there is a decrease in the number of red blood cells, hemoglobin drop, hematocrit, ferritin and color index, accelerated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, high iron binding capacity of serum and increasing the concentration erythropoietin.
When folievododefitsitnoy form anemia increased color indicator, reduced hemoglobin, erythrocytes, and folic acid concentration. Average value of the color index indicates haemolytic anemia and acute hemorrhagic. Decrease in this indicator observed in thalassemia and chronic hemorrhagic anemia.
How to treat
Driving the treatment of anemia in children include:
- Elimination of risk factors (worming, treatment of inflammatory and infectious diseases, power normalization).
- Receiving system drugs (antianemic agents) and vitamins. When iron deficiency apply Sorbifer Durules (12 years), Ferro-Folgamma and Ferrum Lek. When the form of this disease aplastic used Erythropoietin, Eritrea and Recormon. They stimulate erythropoiesis. Folic acid deficiency anemia are treated with folic acid, folacin and Mamifolom. With a shortage of vitamin B12 is assigned cyanocobalamin solution.
- Health food.
- Transfusion therapy (transfusion of red blood cells and other blood components).
- Massage.
- Bone marrow transplantation (for aplastic anemia).
- Splenectomy (with hemolysis).
- Phototherapy (ultraviolet radiation of the child).
- Gymnastics.
- outdoor stay. It promotes blood oxygen saturation of hemoglobin.
Anemia on the background of intoxication can be administered antidotes. Also, antibiotics are used (for anemia in the face of infections), worming agents, diuretics and detoxifying drugs.
products
diet the following products should enrich for anemia in children:
- Sources of heme iron (offal, beef, lamb, veal, pork), as well as seaweed, rosehip and plums. When iron deficiency anemia need to limit the consumption of tea, coffee, rice, soy, chocolate and foods rich in calcium.
- sources of vitamins (fresh vegetables, fruits and herbs).
- Sources of folic acid and cobalamin (liver, kidney and green vegetables, legumes, honey and yeast).
Young children need to be fed highly adapted mixtures containing iron.
ethnoscience
To treat anemia in the background of iron deficiency, you can use vegetable and fruit juices, infusions of wormwood, mixtures based on pomegranate juice, carrot, apple and lemon infusion of flowers of clover, infusion and decoction of rose hips, infusion garlic.
complications
With the development of anemia in children can cause the following:
- encephalopathy;
- bleeding;
- lag in mental and psychological development;
- the defeat of the digestive, respiratory, skin and mucous membranes;
- anemic coma;
- dysfunction of kidney and liver.
prevention
Planning for pregnancy and childbirth, nutrition (with gestation and after birth), the prevention of infectious diseases, with the exception of intoxication and exposure, reception vitamins and minerals, non-vegetarian and bad habits in this period, proper feeding at the breast, the timely introduction of complementary foods - all this reduces the risk of anemia children.
