Classification of a person's blood, depending on its characteristics, is of practical importance for surgical interventions, during which it needed a transfusion, with Transplantation of organs and tissues, in forensic medicine to determine paternity, maternity and in the case of loss of children at an early age, as well as for planning pregnancy.
Group membership is determined by human antigens present on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs), it is an inheritable trait and is not changed in the course of our lives. The world medical community recognizes various human blood group systems, but it is generally accepted definition of blood group ABO system.
Classification
According to this system, the blood is divided into subtypes O, A, B and AB, depending on the presence or absence therein of antigens A and B.
| groups | antigen A | The antigen |
| first (0) | — | — |
| the second (A) | + | — |
| third (B) | — | + |
| Fourth (AB) | + | + |
The discovery and study of group identity revealed uneven distribution of antigens A and B among different races and ethnic groups of mankind. For example, residents of northern Europe for the most part - owners of antigen A. 80% of American Indians are the first group, and the third and fourth they are not found. The indigenous people of Australia - the people with the first group. And among the inhabitants of Central and East Asia dominated the third.
This allows ethnographers to study the origin of the existing races and nations follow their resettlement and migration on the planet.
Moreover, thanks to modern medical observations, the correlations between the identification of a group of people, and the frequency of certain diseases. These studies may lead to important discoveries in medicine.
Group 0
First, or Zero blood group AB0 means that it includes the absence of antigen A or B. For a long time thought that the reason why this type of blood may be poured in all patients, regardless of their group affiliation, so its owners called universal donors. According to research by anthropologists, it is the oldest, its symptoms are found even among primitive people, engaged in hunting and gathering. 40-50% of the world population are members of this group of subspecies.
It is believed that its carriers have a strong immune system, less prone to infection, but most other people suffer arthritis, allergies and peptic ulcer disease.
Group A
Red blood cells of the second group of AB0 blood system contains antigen A. They can not be used as donor material for carriers of those groups, where the antigen is absent.
It is the second most common - 30-40% of humanity. Strengths Health - a good metabolism and healthy digestion. Among carriers angtigena A frequently diagnosed disorders of the liver, gall bladder, heart disease and diabetes.
Group B
In turn, the red blood cells of the third group of blood system AB0 antigens contain B, which are found only in 10-20% of the world's population.
Among the representatives of this class of mankind note a tendency to chronic fatigue and the presence of autoimmune diseases, in agreement with the fact that they are holders of a strong and healthy digestive system.
Group AB
The blood of this kind of presence of the antigen and A and B, so its owners are called universal recipients.
It is the most rare, its media account for only 5% of the population. They are characterized by a strong immune system, but at the same time may cause a variety of cardiovascular diseases.
Inheritance of group membership by ABO system occurs according to classical laws of genetics:
- If the parents are no antigens A, B, they will not be in the child.
- In families where the parents (one or both) - the owners of the AB blood (IV of), can not have a child with blood 0.
- If the mother and father of the second group, the child will be the first or the second.
Depending on the presence or absence of red blood cells in human antigens A and B, it may comprise a plasma antibody which are responsible for the destruction of alien antigens. Any use of the blood of the recipient or its components must be carried out only based group compatibility with the donor.
For example, a person with group membership and it is impossible to pour material from the donor to the group affiliation B, t. To. Its available antibodies will compete with the donor antibody will bonding red blood cells (agglutination). This process causes the formation of blood clots that can lead to irreversible complications.
In current clinical practice, blood transfusions, plasma, and red blood cells of the same type as the patient. In some urgent cases, red blood cells can be transfused group 0 to recipients other subspecies. Red blood cells are group A can be used for transfusion to patients of group membership and AB, and red blood cells from a donor B - B and AB recipients. We are talking only about the red blood cells, the use of plasma and whole blood for patients of other group membership may cause irreparable harm to their health.
| blood donor | recipient | |||
| 0 | BUT | AT | AB | |
| 0 | + | — | — | — |
| BUT | — | + | — | — |
| AT | — | — | + | — |
| AB | — | — | — | + |
| Eritrotsitsy donor | recipient | |||
| 0 | BUT | AT | AB | |
| 0 | + | + | + | + |
| BUT | — | + | — | + |
| AT | — | — | + | + |
| AB | — | — | — | + |
To avoid the complications of blood transfusion even the eponymous group, conduct a preliminary biological sample: the patient is administered 25 ml of donor material 3 times with intervals of 3 minutes, while observing the condition of the patient. Further transfusions required total amount of material produced only in the absence of signs of deterioration of the human condition.
How to determine the group
To determine which carrier ABO blood group is the person enough material taken from his finger. Applied to the white plate mec reagents anti-A and anti-B, mix them with the test samples and evaluate the result obtained after 3-5 minutes.
If the first sample clots are formed, i.e., bonding occurs erythrocytes (agglutination), and in the second case, the red blood cells do not stick together, it means that the person has antigen A and there is no antigen B. In this case, the first group of the donor (A). Are defined similarly, and other groups.
