Pneumococcal vaccination. From what protects as is done to children, adults, the response, the schedule of vaccination against pneumococcal infections in 2019

In the first year of life for all children entering the desired set of vaccines. This event is aimed at reducing the risk of the spread of many diseases. One such injectable pneumococcal vaccine is aimed at protecting the body from infections penetration.

The pneumococcus dangerous, ways of infection

Streptococcus pneumonia or pneumococcal disease - a disease that is bacterial in origin and affects internal organs. Irritant that causes the disease, is the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus related to age. It has a bowl configuration in the shell.

The danger is that, depending on the region of residence 0m 10 to 65% of the people are the owners of the bacterium. It is not dangerous if the good work the body's defense system. Located in the upper respiratory tract, it does not extradite its presence.

Into the lungs it does not give the number of natural obstacles:

• mucus in the nose;
• the secret of the salivary glands;
• the secret, which is produced by ciliated respiratory cells.

These elements limit the growth and development of pneumococcus and also participate in the destruction of pathogenic organisms at mucosal surfaces.

Reduced efficacy of protective barriers may occur as a result of supercooling, stress or fatigue.

It spreads through the air at a distance of one and a half meters, while sneezing, coughing or normal conversation. You can become infected by both human patient and a healthy, if the immune system is weakened.

In addition, infection can occur through contact with objects because pneumococcus retains the ability to live in the dry state for 60 days. When the pneumococcus organism lesion incubation period lasts about 3 days.

Once in the body, the bacteria spreads rapidly from the blood through the body and affects the internal organs:

• lungs (pneumonia promotes development);
• brain (meningitis causes possible complications);
• heart (cardiac strikes the inside of the shell);
• intestine (provokes peritonitis);
• hemopoietic system (promotes occurrence of sepsis);
• organs of hearing and breathing (may be a factor in otitis, tonsillitis, pharyngitis and other diseases).

This vaccine is most needed?

Pneumococcal vaccination against Streptococcus pneumonia is more necessary to children who have not yet enrolled in school and elderly people, especially those who are over 60 years old.

Subject to mandatory vaccination of children with abnormalities:

• violation of the structure of hemoglobin or sickle-cell anemia;
• chronic heart and renal disease;
• human immunodeficiency virus (HIV);
• malabsorption of glucose (diabetes);
• hemolymph disease;
• liver disease.

In addition, vaccination should be given to elderly people who have any chronic pathology, which can inhibit the immune system. Vaccination is recommended after the procedure for the removal of body performing a protective role in the body - the spleen.

Pneumococcal vaccination is required in such institutions like orphanages and homes for the elderly, because of the large crowds of people likely to suffer from lesions infection increases.

Contraindications to vaccination

This inoculation is done using high vaccine which has only typical contraindications for all preparations. Therefore, it can be put without fear of health.

To refuse injections if necessary:

• there is intolerance to the elements included in the vaccine;
• I experienced an allergic response to previous administration of the inoculum preparation;
• no special instructions the doctor during the first two trimesters of pregnancy;
• Chronic diseases are at relapse phase;
• there is an increase in body temperature, or SARS.

Immunizations can be obtained after elimination of the reasons for refusal.

At what age do vaccination against pneumococcal disease?

Pneumococcal vaccination against infection is recommended for people of any age. When using the American vaccine Prevenar, children should be vaccinated at the age of 60-90 days, and then at intervals of 45 days produced a further 3 injections. Revaccination is carried out after reaching a half years. This drug is the most common and is used in many medical institutions.

The use of French drug Pneumo-23 is performed not earlier than 2 years after the birth of children and for elderly people after the age of 65.

Adult vaccine is put once. In addition, people of mature age and should be grafted in, if it was not done as a child. Especially those who are constantly in public places.

How do vaccines work by pneumococcus?

After inoculation pneumococcal preparation Pneumo-23 in a human immune system is formed within 15 days. This effect lasts for 48-60 months. The vaccine successfully active against 90% of bacteria that are resistant to penicillin, and are the causative agents of disease. After vaccination, bronchitis appears 12 times less, pneumonia - 6 times and ARI - twice.

For people over 65 years and is lower than the efficiency of 65-85%. However, the injection reduces the risk of infection and, therefore, complications afterwards. Prevenar drug affects the 7 most common types of pneumococcal infection. It is they who are responsible for 70-80% of cases of infection.

Species composition and vaccines differences from pneumococcus

Russian doctors for vaccinating children and adults, mostly use 2 imported product:

• Prevenar and Prevenar-13;
• Pneumo-23.

The first is only used for vaccination of children under the age of 24 months. Next, recommended use of the vaccine Pneumo-23. The same drug as adults.

The use of vaccines against pneumococcus allowed to be combined with DTP vaccine. In this case, the injection should be done in different places. You also can not mix them in the same syringe. However contraindicated applied in conjunction with BCG.

According to specialists is more efficient and suitable preparation Prevenar 13 for general use, as it has no age restriction. Both drugs produced a dose syringes with 0.5.

Prevenar and Prevenar 13

Prevenar - American preparation comprising seven pneumococcal serotypes. With their help carried development of antibodies capable of resisting infection.

Prevenar 13 - the next generation of vaccines. It comprises 13 strains of bacteria and develops immunity to more infections. With its appearance made revaccination of children who have been vaccinated the previous version (Prevenar).

Only Prevenar 13 is now released. The vaccine is made by Pfizer, LLC, BAXTER Pharmaceutical Solution and recommended for use in the United States and most of the countries and cities of Europe.

Pneumo-23

Pneumo 23 - a vaccine, manufactured by the French company Sanofi Pasteur. In Russia, she appeared in the '99 of the twentieth century. The composition includes 23 active bacteria strain. Of these 10 serotypes of the organism affect adults, and 13 - are dangerous for children. Using mainly aimed at the elderly. It is used once and is valid up to 5 years, and then recommended to repeat the injection.

Preparation has greater efficiency in combination with vaccination against influenza. People with severe chronic diseases, re-vaccination should be held every 3 years.

How to prepare for a vaccination?

To avoid complications after drug administration against pneumococcal infection should prepare for the procedure.

To do this:

• Make sure that the child is not sick. At the time sovreshenno vaccinations should not be runny nose, fever, cough, redness of the throat. You can take the CBC.
• To elective treatment of chronic diseases, so that at the time of vaccination was remission.

Vaccination should be done on the day of the systematic regular intake of healthy children, to avoid contact with sick people.

How and where to make the vaccination?

Pneumococcal vaccination against infections produced intramuscularly or subcutaneously. Intravenous administration of the drug is prohibited. Infants put a shot into the inner part of the thigh. This is due to the possibility of applying the patch if necessary. Adults injection is done in the outer part of the arm.

Normal reaction to the vaccine

Vaccination against pneumococcus drug carried in the form of a suspension in a dosage of 0.5 ml. After its introduction, usually do not show any reaction.

However, depending on the characteristics of the body of the child and parental behavior, may appear the following problems:

• redness, induration, or itching at the injection site, pain symptom may occur;
• increase in body temperature by 1-3 degrees above normal;
• swollen lymph nodes;
• rashes, allergic reactions;
• lethargy, irritability, disturbed sleep mode;
• nausea, retching, decreased appetite.

All of these symptoms are temporary manifestation and tested in a couple of hours after inoculation. They can be quickly eliminated. Such a reaction to the vaccine is considered to be normal. In case of complications should contact a doctor or call an ambulance.

Side effects

Pneumococcal vaccination against bacterial infections has recently joined the list of required for each child. For this reason, not all side effects are studied. In the first 24 hours are possible minor ailments described above.

If these symptoms occur later than one day after vaccination, the cause is not in the product. Perhaps in the body already was virus, and an injection process only accelerated its spread.

As complications after the administration of the drug can be identified:

• diarrhea and vomiting;
  
• allergic reactions;
• respiratory failure (only if grafted premature infant);
• overreaction local (severe swelling to more than 10 mm at the injection site);
• increase in body temperature to 39-40 ° C;
• purulent inflammation of the tissue around the injection site;
• relapse of chronic disease.

If you notice any side effects you must consult your doctor immediately for advice.

What to do after the vaccination?

After treatment, some conditions must be met in order to minimize the side effects, if they appeared. Or to prevent their occurrence.

follows:

• get plenty of rest the first 24 hours;
• taking the medicine, reducing the heat, when the temperature rose above 38 degrees;
• not process the injection site;

Thus it is possible to bathe and drench the place of vaccination. The water has no negative effects and does not cause complications after a vaccination.

vaccination schedule for children and adults

According to the national vaccination calendar medication is recommended, starting at 2 months after birth. Schemes may vary depending on the type of vaccine and the individual conditions. However, there are common standards which adhere to specialists.

Introduction of the preparation Pneumo-23 is permitted only upon reaching the age of two years and conducted once.

Re-vaccination should be accomplished before than after 3 years. Under special conditions, it is possible to administer the drug before. Vaccination via Prevenar preparation is carried out according to the scheme shown in Table 1.

Table 1: scheme of grafting preparation Prevenar:

Age of the patient for the first vaccination	Dosage	The scheme of administration
From 2 months up to six months	3 repetitions of 0.5 ml and revaccination 1	The first 3 dosing at intervals of 30-45 days; booster and a half years
From 7 months to a year	Repetition 1 and 2 revaccination	The interval between repetitions of not less than 30 days, a booster after a year.
From year to 2 years	2 reps, revaccination only on doctor's direction	The interval between repetitions of at least 60 days
From 2 to 5 years	1 repetition	One time

Why need a mass vaccination against pneumococcal disease?

As a result of studies have shown that the mass vaccination of children against pneumococcal infection, reduces the incidence of diseases. Reduced risk of pneumonia, meningitis and other disorders, which are caused by pneumococcus.

Among the vaccinated children and adults is reduced and the number of respiratory diseases, ie, flu, bronchitis and colds. Also reduced the number suffering from otitis, tonsillitis and sinusitis.

Vaccination against pneumococcus can not guarantee absolute protection against pathogenic strains.

When this occurred the disease is more easily and respond well to treatment. Also among vaccinated persons have been recorded deaths from diseases that often end lethally, if not to use vaccination preparations. Also participating in mass vaccination free of charge. When taking into account the high price of drugs, this is a weighty argument in favor of grafting on a fixed schedule.

What complications can develop, if we neglect vaccination

In the case of non-vaccinated against pneumococcus is great risk of infection, especially if the child frequently stays in crowded places, such as in kindergarten. The prognosis for the manifestation of infection is often unfavorable.

For example, about a quarter of people who become ill with meningitis die, as well as 7-10% of newly infected with pneumonia. Also otitis in the absence of proper treatment can cause the development of meningitis or pneumonia.

Among the best known and most common complications are:

• inflammation of the heart membranes: pericardium and endocardium (inner and outer membranes, respectively);
• inflammation of the abdominal cavity (peritonitis);
• local inflammation, triggered by infection (sepsis).

The latter is very difficult to cure, and half of the cases the disease is fatal.

In the case of acquisition of meningitis may cause disorders in the nervous system:

• partial or complete loss of vision;
• neurological syndrome, cause loss of limbs force (paresis);
• impaired intellectual development of the child;
• irregularities in the hearing, up to complete deafness.

The probability of getting complications ranges from 35 to 65%. When meningitis is almost impossible to cure them, and often the patient remains disabled. After transferring otitis media patients are often fully or partially lose their hearing. Sometimes the symptoms disappear within a few months.

Before you give up the child from pneumococcal inoculation, should assess all risks. Young hard body develop immunity against all pathogens. The vaccine in this case will help to avoid the risk of infection by strains of microorganisms.

Author of the article: Elena Stepanova

Registration of the article: Lozinski Oleg

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