Miscellaneous

Osteosarcoma: symptoms in adults, treatment and prognosis

click fraud protection
Osteosarcoma - a cancerous condition affecting the bones. Malignant cells are osteogenic sarcoma of the bone, in other words, their bones are the basis from which the disease is actively growing. Upon detection of a patient diagnosed with osteosarcoma of the primary forms of cancer.

Speaking about the statistics of diseases malignant tumors of the skeleton, the osteosarcoma 6 takes place, and is 70%. Neoplasm originates from the mesenchyme responsible for bone formation and then spread to other types of bone tissue: cartilage, bone and fibrous. Preferred place of foundation of the disease - long bones but there are exceptions, affects the short and flat bones of the limbs.

What it is?

Osteosarcoma - a form of primary bone cancer. She stands in sixth place among all malignant pathologies and is almost 70% of all skeletal sarcomas. The tumor originates in the bone-forming mesenchyme, which later can turn into bone, cartilage or fibrous tissue.

Causes of

Moments etiologic osteosarcoma bone formation while not fully known, although there are several factors that contribute to their occurrence.

insta story viewer

Osteosarcoma can occur in the bones, which previously received the irradiation of ionizing radiation during treatment of malignant or benign tumors. Radiation induced bone disease usually manifests itself after three years from the end of irradiation, in the form of osteosarcoma. Some role in the causes of certain cases of malignant tumor removed ankiliruyuschim carcinogenic agents and anthracyclines. In addition, as osteosarcoma develops in the bones, which are relatively fast growing and exposed physical exercise, do not rule out a role of stress as the factor of formation of the alleged osteosarcoma.

Sometimes patients with a history of osteosarcoma clarified existing injury. However, they are not considered a direct cause of today in the development of this disease. Although there are assumptions about their provoking abnormalities, which already exist in the cell body.

It is also believed that many diseases, such as fibrous degeneration, chondroma, deforming osteoz, osteochondral exostoses can be transformed into osteosarcoma.

Classification

The World Health Organization, depending on the microscopic structure of tumor cells identifies those types of bone sarcomas:

  • classic - a high grade;
  • small cell - is a high grade;
  • teleangiektaticheskaya - is a high grade;
  • high grade surface - is a high grade;
  • secondary - usually a high grade;
  • periosteal - is srednezlokachestvennoy;
  • low-grade central - a low-grade;
  • paraossalnaya - typically a low-grade.

In 80-90% of cases in children develops classical osteosarcoma. This classification of bone sarcomas is important to produce the most effective treatment plan, taking into account the degree of malignancy.

The most common localization

The cancer primarily affects the bone tissue of long bones. For all other types of bone lesions accounted for 20%. Osteosarcoma femur, ie femur, its distal end - the most common site of tumor formation. The disease is formed in the flat bones, bones of the feet, hands, spine, skull is very rare.

metaphyseal bone area closest to the joint, it is here that will be localized tumor. But there are exceptions, when at disease metaphysis is not changed, and it affected the diaphysis. Also, doctors already know where it is located in the metastasis of a particular bone, for example, if hit by thigh bone, the tumor should be sought in the area of ​​the distal end. When the pain in the tibia affect the internal condyle, with shoulder - where there is roughness in the deltoid muscle.

The symptoms of osteosarcoma

Like most malignancies, bone sarcoma in the early stages of manifested nonspecific and softly pronounced symptoms. Initially, in adults, usually at night, there are periodic dull pain in the tumor zone. Their appearance does not depend on physical activity or body position. And the nature of pain resembles pain in arthralgia, periartritah, rheumatic myalgia and myositis. In this case the joint is situated near the lesion, exudate accumulates in inflammatory processes offline.

With the growth of neoplasms pain becomes more intense in the pathological process involved and the tissue surrounding the joint. They become swollen and warmer, and on the skin there is a grid of small varicose veins. Struck by the site of a bone tumor increases in volumes and a sharp pain appears when palpation. In some cases, osteosarcoma is accompanied by fever.

Sarcoma bone pain does not weaken over time, and even the immobilization of a limb does not bring relief to the patient. When probing bone found motionless, clearly outlined and solid tumor. Its growth breaks joint function and appear his contracture. Over time, the patient revealed muscle atrophy, osteoporosis, tumor extends to the medullary canal and the pain becomes more intense. He is forced to take a certain position in the bed in which they are somewhat weaker. When the tumor in the leg bone of the patient develops lameness. In the next stage of tumor elimination of pain with conventional painkillers and pain it becomes impossible cropped only drug.

Metastatic bone sarcoma may be an early and rapid. Cancer cells with blood can be distributed to the various organs. Sometimes metastasis can affect almost all organs, but is most often localized in the brain and lungs.

stages of osteosarcoma

Analysis of histological type, especially the growth and presence of metastasis allow to allocate osteosarcoma step:

  • IA - Tumor high degree of differentiation, does not germinate vessels not metastasize.
  • IB - highly differentiated neoplasia that extends beyond the bone, but not metastatic.
  • IIA - tumor low grade, but limited and not metastasizing.
  • IIB - poorly differentiated osteosarcoma without metastasis.
  • III - characterized by the appearance of metastases without taking into account the degree of differentiation of bone sarcoma.

For risk assessment and prognosis of the tumor it is important to establish the stage of disease. From the standpoint of clinical and anatomic features osteosarcoma can be localized and metastatic. In the first case, it is growing in one place, in the second - detected metastases. Such division to a certain extent arbitrary, since micrometastases may simply not be diagnosed.

diagnosis of the disease

Due to the similarity of signs of the tumor with inflammatory processes, incorrect diagnosis is made, in some cases, and hence the treatment is given erroneous. Diagnosis of osteosarcoma is based on X-ray data in conjunction with histopathological criteria.

By using such techniques:

  1. X-ray examination. It gives a very diverse picture of the location and the development of tumors. It shows changes in the bones and their elements. Distinctive sign by which during X-ray examination can be judged on the development of osteosarcoma - "Kodmena triangle". This is a peculiar triangular spur or "peak". These can be added and needle spicules, also showing the development of pathology.
  2. CT scan. Helps determine the location of the tumor exactly know its dimensions and distribution. If radiology revealed only makrometastazy throughout the body, then there can be considered in more detail - to the level of micrometastases.
  3. Morphological examination. Biopsy at which the local spread of tumor cells, often making it impossible to conduct operations with the preservation of organs. Because of this, a biopsy should be done to the surgeon, and even better - trepanobiopsy. It's better than a knife biopsy that helps protect tissue near the tumor.
  4. Angiography. Produced immediately before surgery. With this method it is determined how much effect on tumor blood vessels, whether they are free from it. This affects the total volume of transactions. If the tumor emboli in the blood vessels leaked, it will not be possible to preserve organs during the operation.
  5. Bone scan. Also helps to detect inflammation of lesions found in the bones. The analysis of the content of the isotope used in the procedure before the start and after the completion of chemotherapy, which gives an indication of its effectiveness. If a tumor is found in a much smaller accumulation of the isotope, it testifies to the positive histological response to chemotherapy pathology.
  6. Magnetic resonance imaging. The method is the most accurate, since it is seen at the ratio of tumor to the surrounding tissue, and when chemotherapy is visible effectiveness of the treatment process, and a development during operation. MRI Carrying occurs using special substances accumulate on the perimeter and the area of ​​tumor - gadolinium, denoting its localization. MRI in modern hospitals are using a new method called DEMRI. It consists in the seizure of a contrast agent administered during MRI. Then, using special equipment to determine the percentage of presence of cancer cells prior to chemotherapy, and after defining this histological response (response) to tumor therapy before the operational intervention.

Also required is a common blood test, its results can be found on osteosarcoma. This would indicate a high level of alkaline phosphatase and erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and half the time - leukocytosis. Marked anemia, continues to progress in the latter stages.

Than to treat osteosarcoma

The therapeutic approach based on the localization of the formation, its stage, relapses and other particulars. In general, treatment of osteosarcoma in adults carried out in the following sequence:

  1. Preoperative chemotherapy to suppress micrometastasis in lung tissue. Thanks to her, you can obtain a reduction in tumor size. In the course of chemotherapy a patient may be given the following drugs: methotrexate vysokodoznom, ifosfamide, Adriablastin, Etoposide, Carboplatin, Cisplatin.
  2. Excision of the tumor, which often allows you to save a large part of the bone. Previously, doctors have resorted to extensive surgery in which the patient often amputate the affected limb swelling. Current therapies allow to make sparing excision of tumors in which only remove part of the bone. Removed portion replaced by a metal or plastic implant.
  3. Postoperative chemotherapy, taking into account the results of preoperative chemotherapy.

In some severe cases, when the tumor grows into the neurovascular bundle occurs pathologic fracture or a tumor is very large, doctors have to remove the affected limb. Modern treatments allow you to save bodies, even in the presence of large metastases, for example, to the lungs. They simply are removed surgically. In cases where surgery is not possible for any reason, the patient radiation therapy may be administered.

The use of modern approaches to the treatment of osteosarcoma, including various types of chemotherapy and surgery, allows to achieve very good results. Due to this the survival rate of patients with this diagnosis only increases every year.

Forecast

It depends on the prognosis for life on many factors both before and after treatment. On the prediction before the course of treatment is influenced by:

  1. The size and distribution area of ​​osteosarcoma.
  2. Step malignant tumors (or localized version already metastases in other organs).
  3. The age and health of the patient.

After a course of treatment will be determined by the results of forecasts of surgery and chemotherapy efficiency. While significantly reducing metastases after chemotherapy and complete removal of malignant tumors forecasts are more optimistic.

Previously considered osteosarcoma malignancy with the disappointing forecasts. Even in severe mutilation patients, ─ disarticulation and amputation ─ five-year survival period overcame 5-10% of patients.

With the development of medical technologies, offering new treatments using operations that preserve the organs, the chances grow even patients with metastases in the lungs. The five-year survival milestone today is available 70% of patients and in the group with osteogenic sarcoma, sensitive to chemotherapy, this figure is even higher - 80-90%.

In his clinical research oncologists accessed by patients for advice about osteosarcoma, continue to study the impact of new chemotherapeutic drugs to support background with stem cells derived from peripheral blood, for the palliative treatment, pain relief, improved quality of life.

  • Share
De Quervain's syndrome. Drug treatment, laser, darsonval
Miscellaneous

De Quervain's syndrome. Drug treatment, laser, darsonval

ContentReasons for the development of de Quervain's syndromeThe mechanism of development of de Quervain's diseaseWhat structures are affected in De...

Nurofen Express gel for children. Instruction, price, reviews
Miscellaneous

Nurofen Express gel for children. Instruction, price, reviews

ContentRelease formChemical compositionPharmacological propertiesPharmacodynamics and pharmacokineticsIndications for useContraindicationsAt what a...

Stopussin-Fito syrup for children. Instructions for use, reviews
Miscellaneous

Stopussin-Fito syrup for children. Instructions for use, reviews

ContentRelease formChemical compositionPharmacological propertiesPharmacodynamics and pharmacokineticsIndications for useContraindicationsAt what a...