In unvaccinated children the disease is mild and rarely accompanied by serious complications. Most dangerous it is for pregnant women, its detection in the first trimester is a medical indication for abortion.
What it is?
Rubella - viral infection spreads by droplet infection predominantly in children groups. Despite the fairly mild course and complications are rare cases, measles is a serious disease, and vaccination against it is included in the national immunization schedule.
Historical facts:
- 1740 - F. Hoffman first described this infectious disease.
- 1881 - it is allocated to the specific forms.
- 1938 - In Japan, the viral nature of the disease has been proven.
- 1941 - N. Gregg - described the symptoms of congenital rubella in children.
- 1961 - isolated the causative agent.
The infected person becomes contagious (infectious) for 7 days before the rash on the body and remains for 2-3 weeks after the first signs of rubella. Most often the disease is registered in cities with a large crowding, as this creates a greater likelihood of contact with the sick person.
Ways of infection
A child can get rubella only from an infected person.
The disease spreads airborne manner. The virus from the mucous membrane of the respiratory organs of an infected person gets into the air. During inhalation it is introduced into the body of a healthy child.
Baby can become ill with rubella, if in contact with:
- sick atypical form of the disease (with uncharacteristic flows rubella rash can be completely absent, and many other features);
- infected people, who observed all the characteristic symptoms;
- babies who are diagnosed congenital form of the disease (such children in the body of the virus is able to multiply 1.5 years).
The virus can be passed from an infected mother to the fetus through the placenta. The child is developing congenital rubella. The causative agent of an extremely negative effect on the development of the fetus and can cause a lot of defects in development.
Observations of physicians indicate that the incidence of abnormalities in congenital rubella depends entirely on the gestation period:
- 3-4 weeks - the probability of defects in the newborn - 60%;
- 9-12 weeks - deviations found in 15% of infants;
- 13-16 weeks - malformations diagnosed in 7% of newborns.
Features of rubella in children under one year
Children under one year rubella is extremely rare. This is due to the fact that most women at the time of conception or already ill with rubella during childhood or were vaccinated against it. In this case, during fetal development and subsequent breastfeeding baby receives from the mother's body antibodies to a variety of infections, including rubella, and about, his body is under the protection of immunity mother.
If the woman before conception did not hurt rubella and failed in childhood vaccination, the chances of her unborn child ill with rubella in utero or at the age of about one year (up to the planned vaccination) high.
Roseola in infants is dangerous to health. It may be accompanied by a convulsive syndrome, DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation), the development of meningitis and encephalitis. A feature of the disease in this age is the rapid development. Characteristic lesions may be present on the skin of no more than 2 hours, and then immediately disappear, leaving no trace. Children under one year, rubella formed a strong immunity to the disease, allowing them to spend longer planned vaccination.
The first signs
The children in the initial stage of the first signs of illness like a cold.
The incubation period of measles is shown as follows:
- weakness;
- temperature at rubella increases (slightly);
- conjunctivitis;
- runny nose;
- sore throat;
- increased lymph nodes;
- final symptom - a rash.
Symptoms in the midst of the disease are somewhat different. The virus has a toxic effect, causing arise:
- Polyadenylation. The child becomes painful and increases lymph nodes: occipital, parotid, cervical.
- Fine grained rash - round spots are located on the skin surface, do not rise. Their size is approximately the same - 2-5 mm. At first they appear on the neck and face, and cover the whole body in a few hours. Abundant rash on the buttocks, back, bending limbs.
- Catarrhal phenomena. Children are observed symptoms of colds.
- Weakly expressed intoxication. At elevated temperature (not exceeding 38 degrees) baby feels a malaise, headache, and weakness.
symptoms of rubella
The virus exerts on smaller vessels located under the skin, toxic effects. This results in a red rash on the child's skin. Intensity of symptoms depends entirely on the shape of the disease.
The main symptoms of the disease and periods:
- The incubation period. Manifestations of Rubella begins with the penetration of the virus into the body. Continue until the occurrence of skin rash, when the virus enters the lymph nodes, and there is rapidly multiplying. After - spreads throughout the body with blood. The first signs of measles in a child: temperature may rise, occur headache, weakness appear. The immune system, producing antibodies to fight begins. One or two days the destruction of the virus continues by blood line, but during this period distributed to all organs and tissues. The incubation period ends when the stop viruses circulate in blood, and lasts an average of 16 to 22 days, in some cases, it may shrink or grow (10-24 days). Clinical manifestations in this period are expressed in increasing the neck, the cervical lymph nodes (just behind the ear). 5-8 days before the end of the incubation period, the baby starts to produce viruses in the environment, it becomes contagious.
- The midst of the disease. On the skin develops a rash (primarily located on the ears and head). It is rounded spots spaced. Their appearance comes from the fact that the antibodies detected in the blood. The midst of the disease lasts 1-3 days. Children usually do not bother, except for weakness. Worn form occurs without a rash. To diagnose this disease can be, having a blood test for antibodies. Baby, even if he has no rash, infectious all the time.
- Recovery. In the body, the virus is still functioning, although the rash disappears. Period lasts 12-14 days. After going recovery. The kid is contagious during the week before the appearance of acne and the same - after. He can attend kindergarten only at the end of this period.
Migrated disease acquired a strong immunity for life.
Features rash
Even before the rash appears on the face and trunk in children infected with rubella, can be seen bright pink speckles in the mouth, which gradually merge into a dark red spots.
Skin rashes begin to appear on the face, namely the lower part: the ears, the nasolabial area and cheeks. After one day, the rash begins to spread and the child's body. Most pronounced spots rashes appear on the buttocks, shoulders, elbows and knees. Approximate localization rash on the body is represented in the photo below (under the letter "b").
In this case, the rash never localized in children in the groin, on the feet and hands that distinguishes rubella from other diseases.
What is rubella, photos
How does rubella in children, know not all parents and often confuse the disease with typical colds or acute respiratory disease. But you need to carefully diagnose each such case and to take measures to prevent complications infections that can affect the structure of the brain, the nerve fibers connecting the brain and back the cloth. Especially often suffer walls of small blood vessels.
Photos of rubella in the child:
Diagnostics
Primary rubella diagnostics foreseeing based on history, epidemiological status settlement section, there is information on outbreaks and sporadic cases of infection in a particular child care institution. In kindergarten or nursery immediately established a quarantine mode.
On examination, the doctor can see the presence of petechial rash on the upper sky, in the larynx and pharynx. Palpated enlarged occipital and cervical lymph nodes. At a time when there are no lesions, diagnosis can perform laboratory methods. For this it is draw blood from a vein. Based on the obtained biological material carried serological analysis in which the antibody titer determined by rubella virus. Diagnosis can be set if the indicator antibody titre exceeds the rate of 4 times or more. After a course of treatment should be repeated serological blood tests.
Differentiation of rubella is conducted with such diseases as:
- adenoviral infection;
- measles;
- enterovirus infection;
- Pink zoster;
- Infectious mononucleosis;
- hives;
- infectious erythema.
Additionally, the diagnosis of rubella is conducted general analysis of blood and urine tests, an electrocardiogram to avoid possible complications. Radiography assigned suspected pneumonia as a complication of the infection.
complications
Usually the disease in children is mild. The consequences of the disease may be transferred in the event that the child has been weakened immunity, or at the time of the disease he was joined by another. Harder transferred the disease is not vaccinated children.
Possible complications:
- angina;
- pneumonia;
- meningoencephalitis;
- otitis;
- arthritis;
- thrombocytopenic purpura (reduction in number of blood platelets is characterized by frequent bleedings, local haemorrhages on the skin);
- rubella encephalitis (inflammation of the meninges). The child is recovering and is registered by a neurologist and an infectious disease specialist 2 more years (and maybe more). There is a possibility of death.
Congenital has these consequences:
- deafness;
- diabetes;
- encephalitis;
- bone disease;
- thrombocytopenic purpura;
- pneumonia;
- developmental delay;
- Banti syndrome (enlarged liver and spleen);
- congenital malformations of the eye, heart defects.
How to treat rubella?
Uncomplicated measles in children treated at home. Common activities include:
- Bed rest for 1 week.
- Isolation of a child for 3 weeks. This is a sample period during which the patient is released into the environment, and the virus can be dangerous for other children.
- Drinking plenty of fluids. The daily volume of liquid - at least 2 liters. Part of the water necessary to replace the mineral water without gas or rehydron.
- Frequent small feedings. The basis of the diet: dairy products, milled meat and fish, eggs and other foods high in protein.
As for drug therapy, specific antiviral treatment in the case of rubella does not exist. Drugs are prescribed to relieve symptoms and prevent complications:
- The rash does not need to be lubricated. Antihistamines (Diazolin, Claritin, Fenistil, Tavegil, Suprastin et al.) Can help reduce the intensity of the rash and itching.
- Antispasmodics and NSAIDs (No-Spa, Children Nurofen, paracetamol) relieve headaches, body aches, temperature.
- Antibiotics are necessary if the background of rubella began bacterial inflammation - a sore throat, pneumonia, lymphadenitis.
- Askorutin at a dosage of 500 mg three times a day taken for the prevention of DIC.
Persistent fever, convulsions, signs of CNS involvement - direct evidence for the emergency hospitalization of the child.
Folk remedies
Popular folk methods of treatment are:
- Lubrication rash. Rashes on the body cause itching baby. Eliminate such a reaction allows lubrication problem areas soda solution (strong). It is recommended to hold it on the skin for 10 minutes. The favorable effect of manganese will weak solution. Moistened cloth should be put on the itchy area well for 10 minutes.
- Stimulation of the immune system. Increase vitality and protective functions allow vitamin teas from black currants, rose hips, cranberries.
- The enrichment of the child's body with vitamins. Baby useful infusion of rose hips, strawberries, black currants. The diet should be introduced parsley, chives, dill.
- Elimination of swelling of lymph nodes. Treat this condition can help the cooling compress. Use cottage cheese. It possesses excellent anti-inflammatory properties. Lay out on a gauze curd layer of 1 cm. This compress secure the baby in the neck. Leave overnight.
- Fighting temperature. You can use an old tool. Shin at an elevated temperature crumb apply cool damp cloth.
prevention
A sick child is isolated 5 days after the rash. In contact with the sick children in child care are not displayed, quarantine for a group or a class in child care is not imposed. Disinfection is not carried out. It is important to avoid contact with sick rubella in pregnant women for prevention of congenital rubella.
If pregnant women without a history of rubella had contact with the patient during the first trimester of pregnancy, should resolve the issue of abortion. Conducted a serological survey on women 11-12 days after contact and after a further 8-10 days. In identifying infected women pregnancy is terminated by absolute indications.
Vaccination
For more than 40 years, used a live attenuated vaccine. Immunity, which is formed as a result of vaccination, immunity is identical, formed naturally.
At 1 year, vaccination of children against measles and some other infections. Then, a booster dose at age 6. In the absence of contraindications vaccinations are needed! Despite the relatively favorable course of the disease, there may be complications of it. And for the girls in the future, the risk of infection with rubella during pregnancy.
Side effects are very rare, appear as redness at the injection site, a small rise in temperature or a small amount of skin rash. At the time of the introduction of mass immunization of 250 million. Vaccine complications have been identified.
