List of broad-spectrum antibiotics of a new generation of action

The list of broad-spectrum antibiotics include drugs from different groups. Especially high activity have a number of drugs fluoroquinolones, nitroimidazoles, glycopeptides and from the group of phosphoric acid.

Below you can see the characteristic of the best broad-spectrum antibiotics and methods of their application. Antibiotics are appointed by the attending physician taking into account the sensitivity of the pathogen of the disease on the basis of laboratory data. In some cases, you need an urgent appointment of antibacterial drugs, then the choice falls on broad-spectrum antibiotics.

Long-term treatment may develop bacterial resistance to antibiotics in this situation should be changed to other drugs, or to use a complex of several means. Duration of antibiotic determined by the severity of the disease, presence of complications and associated pathologies. Doses of modern broad-spectrum antibiotics are selected individually by the attending physician taking into account the patient's age and possible contraindications.

How do the new generation of antibiotics?

Unlike drugs from the group of antiseptics, antibiotics have no therapeutic effect due Only after topical application, but also acts systemically following oral, intravenous, intramuscular use.

a new generation of antibiotics are capable of:

1. Affect cell wall synthesis by disrupting vital generate peptide complexes.
2. Disrupt the functioning and integrity of the cell membrane.
3. Violate the protein synthesis necessary for the growth and life pathogen.
4. Inhibits the synthesis of nucleic acids.

By the nature of exposure to the bacterial cells, antibiotics are divided into:

1. Bactericidal - pathogen die and then be removed from the body.
2. Bacteriostatic - the active ingredient does not kill bacteria, but impairs their ability to reproduce.

It is important to determine how active the active drug substance in respect of a particular pathogen pathological process. To do this, you must pass a series of laboratory tests prescribed by a doctor.

Rules of antibiotics

To antibiotics have been as effective as possible and does not give serious side effects, it is necessary for their selection and appointment take into account the form of the disease and its severity, as well as to determine the cause of the pathology (ideally on the results of the culture to find out what was the cause of the microbe inflammation).

In addition, it is important to determine the sensitivity of bacteria to certain antibiotics that will be used. Naturally, that make it difficult in pediatric patients, and there are those states in which the delay in a few days to go to carry out planting and to determine the sensitivity to antibiotics can become fatal.

These include acute otitis, tonsillitis or pneumonia, pyelonephritis, and some even state. In these cases, antimicrobial therapy should be immediately on the basis of clinical guidelines and treatment protocols are designed for years of treatment. If necessary, the treatment is adjusted according to the results of sowing in the course of treatment, when it is ineffective.

Diseases and action spectrum antibiotics

Back in the late 19th century bacteriologist Hans Gram revealed that different bacteria react differently to the stain. Some people acquire a pronounced color, while others are quickly discolored. This simple experience from a practical point of view, had great importance. After all, different reactions to the dye was talking about the properties of the cell wall of bacteria. This means that dictates exactly how antibiotics should act on the microorganism.

Since there is a division into basic gram (non-staining) and gram positive (stained) bacteria.

1. Gram (+) - activators of most respiratory infections, nasal, ear, eye. These include, in particular, include staphylococci and streptococci.
2. Gram (-) - bacteria of this group can cause serious illness. This E. coli, Koch's bacillus, Salmonella, Shigella (the causative agent of diphtheria), gonococcus, meningococcus.

Spectrum antibiotics is determined by the fact what kind of bacteria are sensitive to a particular drug. And if narrow-spectrum antibiotics are often or Gram (+) or Gram (-), it allows a wide range of striking and those and others.

Broad-spectrum antibiotics: a list of drugs

Broad-spectrum antibiotics - versatile microbicides, which will help get rid of many diseases. Most often they are prescribed to treat a variety of infections, which are the causative agent is unknown. They are also prescribed if a person infected with a dangerous virus, and fast-growing.

List of modern antibiotics is presented in the table below:

Group	A drug	Mechanism of action
tetracyclines	Doxycycline, tetracycline	Kills bacteria, it has antiviral action
chloramphenicol	Moxifloxacin, Levofloksitsin	Antimicrobial, antifungal and bactericidal
semisynthetic penicillins	Carbenicillin, ticarcillin	It inhibits the synthesis of the cell wall of the pathogen
cephalosporins	ceftriaxone	It changes the activity of the virus that has penetrated into RNA
rifampicin	Streptomycin, amphenicols	Lets protein production
carbapenems	Meropenem, Meropenem, Sairon, imipenem	Antibacterial and anti-inflammatory, a long-acting

Also, such agents can be shown as prophylaxis after major surgical procedures. Remember that not all cheap medicines so bad.

cephalosporins

Active against staphylococcal infections, and Proteus, Klebsiella, E. coli, pathogens and angina pneumonia, urinary tract disease, osteomyelitis, meningitis.

Among the antibiotics of this group include:

Parenteral 3 generations:

representatives	Trade name and method of administration
cefotaxime	klaforan: Powder for injection: c of 0.5-2.0. x 1 time per day intramuscularly or intravenously slowly. Tsefosin: Powder for injection: 1.0 c. every 8-12 hours intramuscular, slow intravenous / infusion.
ceftazidime	Tsefobid: Powder for injection: c of 2.0-4.0. per day for two intramuscular injections. Tsefpar: Powder for injection: c of 2.0-4.0. every 12 hour IV / IM.
ceftriaxone	ceftriaxone: Powder for injection: 1.0-2.0 c. 1 x per day intramuscularly / intravenously. Azaran: Powder for injection: 1.0 c. dissolved in 3.5 mL of 1% solution of lidocaine hydrochloride, intramuscular injection one time per day.
ceftazidime	Fortum: Powder for injection: c of 1.0-6.0. x 1 time per day for 2-3 intravenous / intramuscular infusion. Tseftidin: Powder for injection: c of 1.0-6.0. 1 x per day intravenously / intramuscularly.

Parenteral 3 generations:

representatives	Trade name and method of administration
Tsefditoren	SpektratsefTablets: by 0.2-0.4 g. x 2 times a day.
ceftibuten	Tsedeks: Capsules: 0.4 c. odinozhdy per day.
cefixime	Supraks Soljutab: Effervescent tablets: 0.4 g. x 1 time per day or 0.2 c. X 2 times a day, dissolved beforehand in a glass of water. Supraks: Capsules: 0.4 c. x 1 time per day. Pantsef: Tablets: 0.4 g. odinozhdy per day or 0.2 g. twice a day.

5 Generation (parenteral):

representatives	Trade name and method of administration
Ceftaroline	Zinforo: Powder for injection: 0.6 c. every 12 hour IV for one hour.
ceftobiprole	Zeftera: Lyophilisate for injection solution: not applicable in the territory of the Russian Federation.

macrolides

Macrolides tend to accumulate in the tissues, but not in the serum as other groups. Used in treatment of bronchitis and pneumonias as malaria monotherapy (in case of intolerance to penicillins) ENT pathology (pharyngitis, sinusitis, otitis, laryngitis and other) sexually transmitted diseases (syphilis, gonorrhea, ophthalmia).

Among the antibiotics of this group include:

14 Member States:

representatives	Trade name and method of administration
erythromycin	erythromycin: tablets: by 0.2-0.4 g. four times a day before or after a meal, drink water, receiving a course of 7-10 days. lyophilizate for solution for infusion:. c 0.2, diluted with solvent, 3 times a day. Maximum admission course - 2 weeks. ointment for the eyes: put over the lower eyelid three times a day, use a course of 14 days. outdoor ointment: the affected areas of the skin with a thin layer 2-3 times a day.
oleandomycin	oleandomycin phosphate: Substance powder. Almost never used nowadays.
roxithromycin	RoksiGEKSAL: Tablet: 0.15 g. twice per day or 0.3 c. at a time, take a course of 10 days. Esparoksi: Tablet: 0.15 g. twice a day for 15 minutes before a meal or at 0.3 g. mono-, receiving a course of 10 days. rulid: Tablet: 0.15 g. twice a day, receiving a course of 10 days.
clarithromycin	klatsid: Tablets: 0.5 g. twice a day, the reception for 2-weeks. fromilid: Tablets: 0.5 g twice a day for reception 2-weeks. Klaritrosin: Tablets: 0.25 g. twice a day, the reception for 2-weeks.

15 Member States:

representatives	Trade name and method of administration
azithromycin	sumamed: Capsules: 0.5 c. x 1 time per day before or 2 hours after a meal. Azitroks: Capsules: 0,25-0,5 gr. x 1 time per day. Azitral: Capsules: 0,25-0,5 gr. 1 x per day before or after a meal.

16 Member States:

representatives	Trade name and method of administration
spiramycin	Spiramycin VeroTablets: 2-3 tablets (3 million. IU) for 2-3 doses per day. RovamycinumTablets: 2-3 tablets (3 million. IU) or 5-6 tablets (6-9 million. IU) for 2-3 doses per day.
josamycin	vilprafen: Tablets: 0.5 g. twice a day, without chewing, drinking water. vilprafen soljutab: Tablets: 0.5 g. X twice a day, without chewing or dissolving in 20 ml of water.
midecamycin	macrofoams: Tablets: 0.4 g. three times a day, the reception rate for 2-weeks.

aminoglycosides

The first generation used in the treatment of plague and tuberculosis only in conjunction with tetracycline. The third and fourth in tuberculosis, sepsis, severe nosocomial infections such as pneumonia.

Among the antibiotics of this group include:

1st generation:

representatives	Trade name and method of administration
neomycin	neomycin: Outer aerosol: the affected skin area, shaking well and positioning the balloon in the region of 15-20 cm, applied for 3 seconds; repeat application 1-3 times a day.
Streptomycin	Streptomycin: Powder for injection: c of 0.5-1.0. X 2 times a day intramuscularly. To prepare the solution using sterile water / saline rastor / 0.25% solution of procaine. Calculation: 1.0 g. medication - 4 ml of the solvent. streptomycin sulfate. Substance powder: for intramuscular injection - of 0.5-1.0 g. per day. For intratracheal / aerosol administration - by 0.5-1.0 t. x 2-3 times per 7 days.
kanamycin	kanamycin: Powder for injection: c of 1.0-1.5. 2-3 injections intravenously (single dose (0.5 g.) was dissolved in 200 ml of 5% dextrose solution). kanamycin sulfate:. For intramuscular administration of 0.5 g / 1.0 c. dissolved in 02.04 ml of sterile water or 0.25% * nom novocaine. For intravenous administration of 0.5 c. dissolved in 200 mL of saline or 5% glucose solution.

2nd generation:

representatives	Trade name and method of administration
tobramycin	Tobrex: Eye drops: 1-2 drops, pulling the lower eyelid, every 4 chasa; in severe infections of the eye - 2 drops every hour. Tobriss: Eye drops: 1 drop, pulling the lower eyelid, 2 times a day (morning and evening); in severe infections of eyes - a drop of 1 x 4 times a day. Bramitob: Solution for inhalation: 1 ampoule drugs (. 0.3 c) every 12 hours administered by inhalation using a nebulizer, a course of 28 days.
gentamicin	gentamicin: Injectable Solution: c of 0.003-0.005. per 1 kg for 2-4 injections, administered intravenously / intramuscularly. Drops for eyes: 1-2 drops every 1-4 hours, pushing the lower eyelid. Ointment: the affected skin area 3-4 application per day. gentamicin sulfate: Powder of 1.2 to 1 mg per kg of body weight per day for 2-3 injections (urinary tract infections); 2,4-3,3 mg per 1 kg of body weight per day for 2-3 injections (severe infections, sepsis). Administer the drug intramuscularly / intravenously.

3 generations:

representatives	Trade name and method of administration
framycetin	Izofra: Nasal spray: 1 injection in each nostril x 4-6 times a day, the course is no more than 10 days.
spectinomycin	Kirin: Powder for the manufacture of suspension: 2.0 for c. (5 ml) / 4,0 c. (10 mL) deep intramuscular verhnenaruzhnogo part buttocks. To prepare the suspension must add 3.2 mL of sterile water to the vial. Suspension for a single reception, store prohibited.
amikacin	amikacin: solution for infusion: 0.01-0.015 on c. per 1 kg of body weight per day for 2-3 injections, administered intramuscularly / intravenously (bolus, infusion). Amikacin Sulfate: Substance powder: 0,005 t. per 1 kg of weight, every 8 hours with either of 0.0075 c. per 1 kg of weight per 12 hours administered intramuscularly / intravenously.
netilmicin	Nettatsin: Eye drops: 1-2 drops, pulling the lower eyelid, 3 times a day. Vero Netilmicin: Injection: 4-6 mg per 1 kg of weight per day intravenously / intramuscularly; in severe infections daily dose may be increased to 7.5 mg per 1 kg.

carbapenems

With carbapenems, as a rule, we encounter very rarely or not at all are facing. And that's fine - because these antibiotics are indicated for the treatment of severe hospital infections and life-threatening. The spectrum of action karabapenemov includes most of the existing pathological strains, including resistant.

Among the antibiotics of this group include:

representatives	Trade name and method of administration
Doripenem	Doripreks: Powder for injection: 0.5 c. intravenously every 8 hours. For manufacturing solution powder to be dissolved in 10 ml isotonic sodium chloride solution the resulting mixture was added into the bag with 100 ml of isotonic sodium chloride solution or 5% solution glucose.
ertapenem	Invanz: Lyophilisate for injection: 1.0 c. per day, administered for 1 injected intravenously / intramuscularly.
meropenem	Meronem: Powder for injection: 0.5 c. every 8 hours (pneumonia, genitourinary infections, skin infections); 1.0 c. every 8 hours (nosocomial pneumonia, sepsis); of 2.0 c. every 8 hours (meningitis). The drug is administered by slow intravenous injection (during 5 minutes; solution was prepared by adding 5 mL of sterile water to 250 mg of drug) or intravenously (during 15-30 minutes; solution was prepared by adding 50-200 ml isotonic sodium chloride). meropenem: Powder for injection: 0.5-2.0 grams. per day for intravenous administration; 0.5 c. every 8 hours for the intramuscular administration.
Imipenem + cilastatin	Tsilaspen: Powder for injection: solution method of making and applying the same as above. Tiepenem: Powder for injection: 1,0-2.0 by c. per day, administered over 3-4 infusion intravenously. To manufacture an isotonic solution need to add sodium chloride to the vial in a ratio of 100 ml of sodium chloride 0.5 c. preparation, shake until complete homogeneity. Tsilapenem: Powder for injection: 1,0-2.0 by c. per day, administered over 3-4 infusion intravenously. For the production of solution is necessary to add 100 ml of isotonic sodium chloride into the vial and shake until uniform. tienam: Powder for injection: 2.0 for c. per day for 4 injections administered intravenously / intramuscularly.

penicillins

With the discovery of antibiotics of this group - Benzylpenicillin - doctors realized that microbes can win. Despite its venerable age Penicillin is still used, and in some cases is the drug of first line. However, by means of broad-spectrum are other, newer penicillin antibiotics, which can be divided into several groups.

representatives	Trade name and method of administration
ampicillin	ampicillin: Tablets: 0.25-0.5 g. every 6 hours at 30-60 minutes before meals. powder for slurry: 1.0-3.0 c. per day for 4 doses; for mixing add 62 ml of water to the vial, the mixture is performed using dosage appended measuring spoon, taken with warm water. Substance powder: 0.25-0.5 g. every 4-6 hours intravenously / intramuscularly.
Amoxicillin + Clavulanic Acid	amoxiclav: Tablets: 1 tablet (250 + 125 mg) three times a day or 1 tablet (500 + 125 mg) twice a day; taken with food, the reception rate for 2-weeks. Powder for suspension: for calculating the dose of the drug use attached tables. augmentin: Tablets: 1 tablet (250 + 125 mg) three times a day, the reception rate within 2-weeks. Powder for slurry: a vial of powder to add 60 ml of pure water at room temperature, wait 5 minutes, pour the water volume up to the mark on the vial and mix. Flemoklav Soljutab: Tablets: 1 tablet (500 + 125 mg) three times a day or 1 tablet (875 + 125 mg) twice a day; do not chew, take at the beginning of a meal, admission rate for 2-weeks.
amoxicillin	Flemoksin Soljutab: tablets: 0.5 g. twice a day, the reception rate for 2-weeks. amoxicillin: Tablets: 0.5 g. twice a day, the reception rate for 2-weeks. Amosin: Capsules: similar regime and duration of reception. Powder for slurry: powder of sachet pour into a glass of warm pure water and mix.

fluoroquinolones

Probably, no doctor will be able to submit their medical practice without a fluoroquinolone antibiotic. The first synthetic representatives of this group differed a narrow spectrum of action. With the development of pharmacy opens new generation fluoroquinolone antibacterial agents and expand the range of their activity.

Among the antibiotics of this group include:

representatives	Trade name and method of administration
sparfloxacin	SparfloTablets: 0.1-0.4 g. per day (depending on the type and severity of the infection).
gatifloxacin	Gatispan: Tablets: 0.4 g. x 1 time per day, not liquid, a course of 10 days.
moxifloxacin	Moflaksiya: Tablets: 0.4 g. x 1 time per day, without chewing, the course of 14 days. Avelox: Tablets: 0.4 g. x 1 time per day, without chewing, the course of 14 days.
levofloxacin	tavanic: tablets: 0.25 g. (2 tablets) twice daily or 0.5 c. (1 tablet) 1 time a day, drinking water, a course of 14 days. Floratsid: Tablets: 0.5 g. Not liquid twice a day.

Antibiotics for sore throat, bronchitis and cough

Inflammatory respiratory diseases - some of the most commonly encountered in clinical practice. Diseases such as angina and bronchitis, are subject to both children and adults. Sometimes these pathological conditions can be caused by viruses, but often joins and bacterial infection. In this case, it is necessary to use antibacterial agents (antibiotics). It should be recalled that antibiotic therapy should be conducted only after the patient examination, diagnosis and test the sensitivity of flora to a particular antibiotic.

The following medications may be prescribed to treat these diseases:

The name and artist of the drug	Dosage
Flemoksin Soljutab. Penicillin group, the active ingredient - Amoxicillin.	adults - 1 tablet 500 mg 2 times a day. children over 10 years - 2 tablets of 250 mg 2 times a day. children older than 3 years - 1 tablet of 250 mg 3 times a day. children up to 3 years - 1 tablet of 125 mg 3 times a day.
sumamed. Group macrolide active substance - Azithromycin.	adults and children over 12 years - 1 capsule or tablet of 500 mg per day. children older than 3 years - 2 tablets of 125 mg per day. children under 3 years - 2.5 to 5 ml of suspension per day.
Gatispan. Fluoroquinolones, the active ingredient - Gatifloxacin.	1 tablet 400 mg per day.
Avelox. Fluoroquinolones, the active ingredient - Moxifloxacin.	1 tablet 400 mg per day.
rulid. Macrolide, the active ingredient - Roxithromycin.	Adults and children weighing more than 40 kg - 2 tablets of 150 mg 1-2 times a day. In other cases, the dosage is calculated individually.
AzitRus. Group macrolide active substance - Azithromycin.	Adults and children over 12 years - 1 capsule or tablet of 500 mg per day. Children older than 3 years - 10 mg per 1 kg of body weight per day.

On the accession of bacterial infections can indicate a sharp increase in body temperature, increase in signs of intoxication (weakness, headache and muscle pain, dizziness), cough with purulent expectoration sputum.

Principles of selection of the best antibiotics for children

To antibiotics were the most effective, safe and do not produce side effects, it is important to observe in their appointment, certain principles and rules.

Then the antibiotics chosen doctor will be the best in the treatment of disease:

• an antibiotic is prescribed only when proven microbial infection or high chances of its development, in complicated forms of pathologies that are high risk for adverse outcomes disease
• drugs chosen for the most likely in the region and for this age pathogens, according to their resistance to certain funds
• it is important to take into account the previous episodes of antibiotic treatment, if they are carried out in the previous three months, to prevent the carriage of resistant strains
• when prescribing a patient practice applicable only oral forms, only on special indications prescribed injection.