Sugar in urine is normal in men and women, it is absent, since it is completely absorbed by the kidney tubules. The process of excretion of sugar in the urine can be associated with both pathological and natural factors, and is called "glucosuria". Often the cause of this phenomenon is diabetes mellitus, as well as some endocrine diseases.
Record content:
- 1 Reasons for the appearance
- 2 Possible diseases
- 3 Diagnostics
- 4 When to see a doctor
- 5 Prophylaxis
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6 Treatment methods
- 6.1 Medications
- 6.2 Traditional methods
- 6.3 Other methods
- 7 Possible complications
- 8 Video about the causes of urine sugar
Reasons for the appearance
The physiological reasons that provoke an increase in sugar in urine and the development of short-term glucosuria include:
- prolonged fasting;
- deterioration of the pancreas in the elderly;
- a meal consisting of fast carbohydrates - sugar begins to rise half an hour after consuming carbohydrate foods, and after 3-5 hours the signs of glucosuria completely disappear;
- excessive physical activity;
- traumatic brain injury;
- stressful situations;
- feverish conditions;
- taking medications from the corticosteroid group.
Glucosuria, which occurs against the background of an increased load on the kidneys, occurs during pregnancy and requires careful monitoring by a doctor.
The main reasons for the excretion of glucose in the urine in pregnant women are:
- hormonal changes in the body;
- increased renal blood flow rate;
- deterioration of the process of reabsorption of glucose in the kidneys.
The most common pathological cause of sugar in the urine is diabetes mellitus, in which an insufficient amount of insulin is produced. This leads to the fact that the tissues absorb glucose to a lesser extent.
As a result, normal blood and urine glucose levels rise. In this case, glucosuria may be insignificant, but in some cases, the amount of glucose may be 1.2% of the total urine volume.
Possible diseases
Pathological causes of the development of glucosuria are associated with the presence of kidney diseases, which provoke disruption of the nephron. As a result, incomplete reabsorption of glucose occurs, and it is excreted in the urine.
Diseases associated with kidney function include:
| De Tony-Debre-Faconi syndrome | Hereditary pathology associated with damage to the renal tubules and impaired reabsorption of glucose and other substances, phosphate and amino acids. |
| Glomerulonephritis | An immune-inflammatory reaction affecting the renal glomeruli. |
| Renal failure | A syndrome of impairment of all renal functions, leading to a disorder of many types of metabolism in the body. |
Other pathologies that provoke the development of glucosuria include:
- Hyperthyroidism - hormonal disease in which there is an increase in the secretion of the thyroid gland. The organ increases in size and goes into a stage of excessive activity, producing a large volume of thyroid-stimulating hormone, which negatively affects the functioning of the body.
- Acute or chronic pancreatitis - inflammation of the pancreas, malfunctioning of which leads to a decrease in the production of insulin and other hormones that regulate carbohydrate metabolism in the body.
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Itsenko-Cushing's disease - a disease accompanied by excessive functioning of the adrenal cortex and increased secretion of the hormone ACTH caused by an adenoma of the anterior pituitary gland.
Cushing's syndrome is the main reason for the appearance of sugar in the urine of a woman - Acromegaly - dysfunction of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, characterized by hyperproduction of somatotropin (growth hormone).
- Pheochromocytoma - a benign tumor of a hormonal nature located in the adrenal glands and reproduced by a large amount of catecholamine hormones.
Diagnostics
Sugar in the urine of a woman (the causes may be associated with diabetes mellitus), manifested in combination with other symptoms, indicates the presence of systemic endocrine disease or renal pathological processes.
Laboratory tests of blood and urine for glucose are of decisive importance in determining the causes of the two types of glucosuria. If a blood test indicates a normal sugar level, the root cause of the pathological process should be sought in the kidneys.
If blood enters the kidneys already in a glucose-supersaturated composition, one can assume the presence of diabetes mellitus and direct the focus of diagnostic measures to the final diagnosis.
The main methods for the study of glucosuria include:
- Blood glucose test Is a common basic method for diagnosing diabetes mellitus. For the study, venous or capillary blood is used as a biomaterial. The analysis is taken in the morning on an empty stomach, after 8-12 hours, but no later than 16 hours after the last meal. Cost - from 150 rubles.
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Biochemical analysis of urine for sugar (daily test) - a diagnostic method to determine the amount of glucose contained in the urine. The analysis technique is based on the interaction of the enzyme glucose with hydrogen peroxide, which, using the peroxidase reagent, promotes the oxidation of the chemical reagent orthotolidine. The amount of colored product will be directly proportional to the amount of glucose in the urine. The biomaterial is a daily portion of urine collected in a 3-liter purified container and stored in darkened place. Analysis cost - from 200 rubles.
- Glucose tolerance test - one of the ways to detect hidden disorders of carbohydrate metabolism in the body. The essence of the test is the step-by-step measurement of the patient's blood glucose level. The patient's biomaterial is taken on an empty stomach, after 8-10 hours of fasting. 5 minutes after the first screening, he is offered to drink a glass of water (300 ml), in which 75 g of glucose are dissolved. Repeated measurements of indicators are made 3 times every 30 minutes to draw up a graph of glucose tolerance.
When to see a doctor
Sugar in the urine of a woman (the reasons may be associated with the intake of high carbohydrate foods) is one of the symptoms of diseases associated with the work of the excretory or endocrine system.
Often, pathology is manifested by a whole group of characteristic signs, the presence of which requires an appeal to a therapist or endocrinologist:
| With diabetes mellitus |
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| With glomerulonephritis |
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| With hormonal disorders (hyperthyroidism) |
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Prophylaxis
There are no specific preventive recommendations to prevent the development of glucosuria.
However, there are some rules that will reduce the risk of diseases that provoke an increase in sugar in the urine:
- maintaining a healthy lifestyle;
- compliance with the rules of healthy eating;
- regular exercise;
- the use of iodine-containing products;
- undergoing an annual routine medical examination.
Treatment methods
Physiological glucosuria does not require treatment and disappears immediately after the elimination of the associated factors. The tactics of treating pathological glucosuria will depend on the diseases that provoked it. Diabetes mellitus requires adherence to a special diet and insulin therapy.
Hyperthyroidism is eliminated with medications, radioactive iodine and, in more severe cases, surgery. Treatment for glomerulonephritis includes antibacterial, hormonal, and anti-inflammatory therapy.
Medications
Sugar in a woman's urine (the causes are associated with high blood glucose) often appears due to diabetes mellitus. Treatment of type 1 and 2 diabetes includes the use of insulin-containing drugs that help regulate carbohydrate metabolism.
These include:
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Actrapid - insulin of medium duration in the form of solutions for injection. The drug regulates glucose metabolism, promotes its conversion into glycogen. The daily dose of the drug is calculated individually, depending on the level of glycemia. Cost - from 400 rubles.
- Protafan - long-acting insulin in the form of a suspension for subcutaneous administration. The tool reduces blood glucose by increasing its intracellular transport. The effect of the drug is activated 1.5 hours after administration and reaches its maximum effect between 4 and 12 hours. Cost - from 400 rubles.
- Lantus - insulin in the form of a solution for subcutaneous administration. The dose of the drug and the duration of treatment are determined individually. The agent is injected into the subcutaneous fatty tissue of the abdomen, thighs or thighs. Cost - from 3100 rubles.
- Humalog mix - a combination of fast and long acting insulin analogs. The main function of the agent is the regulation of glucose metabolism. The drug is injected subcutaneously into the abdomen, thigh or shoulder area. The dosage regimen is set individually. Price - from 1700 rubles.
With non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, sugar-reducing drugs are used, divided into groups:
- biguanides;
- sulfonylurea preparations;
- alpha glucosidase inhibitors;
- meglitinides;
Biguanides reduce the absorption of glucose by the intestines. These include:
- Metmorphine - a drug in the form of tablets, which reduces the absorption of glucose from the intestine and increases the sensitivity of tissues to insulin. The initial dose of the drug is 500-100 mg per day (1-2 tablets). After 15 days, the dose of the drug may be increased depending on the glucose level. Cost - from 115 rubles.
Sulfonylureas stimulate the production of insulin by the pancreas and allow glucose to enter the tissues.
The most prescribed drugs among this group:
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Glibenclamide - an oral hypoglycemic agent that stimulates the production of insulin by the cells of the pancreas. The average dose of the drug is 2.5-15 mg per day with a frequency of 3 times. The tool is taken 30 minutes before meals. Cost - from 120 rubles.
- Glurenorm - a hypoglycemic drug in the form of tablets. The initial dose of the drug is 15 mg once a day. ½ tablet is taken in the morning with meals. Cost - from 450 rubles.
Meglitinides improve the functioning of pancreatic cells and promote insulin production.
The drugs in this group include:
- Starlix - an agent that restores early insulin secretion. The drug is taken at 120 mg 3 times a day 30 minutes before meals. Cost - from 3000 rubles.
- Diaglinide - oral hypoglycemic drug. Releases insulin from functioning cells in the pancreas. The average daily dose of Diaglinid is 4 mg with a frequency of administration - 3 times a day. Cost - from 170 rubles.
Sugar in the urine of women may appear due to hyperthyroidism. Drug treatment of pathology is aimed at suppressing the activity of the thyroid gland and reducing the production of thyroid-stimulating hormone.
Antithyroid drugs are used as drug therapy:
- Propicil - reduces the formation of active iodine in the thyroid gland. The drug is taken at 100-300 mg 3 to 6 times a day. The duration of therapy is 1-1.5 years. Cost - from 578 rubles.
- Mercazolil - an antithyroid drug in the form of tablets. The dosage regimen is set individually, depending on the severity of the disease. The usual dose of the drug is 20-40 mg in 2-4 doses per day. Cost - from 48 rubles.
If glucosuria is triggered by glomerulonephritis, apply:
| Antibacterial drugs | Erythromycin | An antibiotic of the macrolide group, which has a bacteriostatic effect. The drug is used in a maximum daily dosage of 1-4 g. Multiplicity of application - 4 times. The duration of treatment is from 5 to 14 days. | RUB 75 |
| Non-hormonal drugs | Azathioprine | An immunosuppressant that blocks cell division. The drug is prescribed at 1.5-2 mg per 1 kg of body weight in 3-4 doses. If necessary, the daily dose is increased to 200-250 mg, divided into 2-3 doses. | 256 RUB |
| Hormonal drugs | Prednisolone | A drug of the glucosteroid group, which suppresses the function of leukocytes and tissue macrophages. The initial dose of the drug is 20-30 mg per day. The frequency of admission is 3-4 times a day. | RUB 17 |
Traditional methods
Sugar in the urine of a woman (the causes are associated with impaired renal function) can be reduced using traditional medicine:
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Oat broth. Combine 1 glass of oats with 5 glasses of water, put the mixture on the stove and boil for 30 minutes. Drain the resulting oatmeal liquid from the pan and strain. Take 1 glass a day.
- Herbal infusion. Take 1 tbsp. l. dried nettle leaves, blueberries and dandelion roots and mix in a separate bowl. 2 tbsp. l. pour the dry mixture with 1 glass of boiling water and insist for 1 hour under the lid. Strain the resulting infusion and take 1 tbsp. l. before meals 3 times a day. The duration of the course is 7-10 days.
- Infusion of hawthorn berries. 2 tbsp. l. hawthorn berries pour 2 glasses of boiling water and insist for 12 hours. The resulting infusion must be taken in 100 ml 2 times a day before meals.
- A decoction of linden leaves. Pour 50 g of linden blossom with 300 ml of water and boil over low heat for 15 minutes. Strain the resulting broth and take during the day.
- Turmeric water. 1 hour l. pour 300 ml of boiling water and leave for about 30 minutes. Take 150 ml 2 times a day.
Other methods
In the treatment of diseases that provoke the appearance of sugar in the urine, diet therapy plays an important role. Diet in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is an important method of combating pathology. Patients are shown fractional meals with an individually calculated daily calorie intake.
It is recommended to consume carbohydrate foods at the same time to control and correct blood glucose and insulin levels. You should also use special diabetic products based on sugar substitutes.
The main way to control the amount of carbohydrates eaten is considered to be a specially created unit of bread - a conditional measure equal to 10-12 g of carbohydrates or 20-25 g of bread.
The patient should daily consume a fixed number of bread units, the indicators of which depend on the body weight and the intensity of physical activity. On average, patients with diabetes should consume 12-25 bread units per day.
Another important point in diet therapy is keeping a food diary, which will help to record all meals, indicating the calorie content and bread units. This will allow you to quickly find out what caused the recurring cases of hyper- and hypoglycemia.
Additional treatments for hyperthyroidism include radioiodine therapy and surgery. The essence of radioactive iodine therapy is a one-time intake of a capsule or an aqueous solution of the substance.
Once in the body, radioiodine enters the cells of the thyroid gland with increased activity, accumulates in them and destroys them. As a result, the enlarged organ decreases in size, and the production of thyroid-stimulating hormone is significantly reduced.
The surgical method is used in cases of ineffectiveness of other methods of treatment, as well as in the growth of individual sections of the thyroid gland or the formation of a single node in the region of the organ. During the operation, the overgrown part of the thyroid gland is removed with a scalpel. The remaining part of the thyroid gland after the operation can function normally.
Possible complications
Prolonged glucosuria against the background of a pathological process can lead to the development of adverse consequences.
If the cause of the appearance of glucose in the urine was diabetes mellitus, which did not give in timely treatment, there are risks of complications:
- ketoacidosis;
- acute renal failure;
- hypoglycemia;
- lacticidotic coma;
- atherosclerosis;
- diabetic retinopathy;
- development of diseases of the cardiovascular system.
With endocrine disorders (hyperthyroidism, Itsenko-Cushing's disease), the following complications are possible:
- atrial fibrillation;
- congestive heart failure;
- osteoporosis;
- dermopathy;
- thyrotoxic crisis.
If glucosuria is associated with renal dysfunction, the consequences may be as follows:
- heart failure;
- chronic renal failure;
- uremic pericarditis;
- renal eclampsia.
Sugar in urine in women does not always indicate the presence of pathology and can occur against a background of stress, excessive physical exertion, or overeating foods high in carbohydrates. Physiological glucosuria does not require treatment and disappears on its own.
The cause of a pathological increase in sugar in the urine can be diabetes mellitus or impaired renal function. In this case, you must immediately seek medical help.
Video about the causes of urine sugar
About sugar in urine, hyperglycemia and diabetes:
