Hypotension. What is it, symptoms, treatment for adults, children, clinical guidelines

Hypotension is a condition which is accompanied by a reduction of blood pressure below the norm while maintaining good health and operability. Such changes may be observed in patients in different age and they are not always pathological.

Causes

Hypotension provoked by many factors, the main ones are the following:

Risk factors	a brief description of
hereditary predisposition	This condition is most common in the immediate family. Prone to the development of its female.
Extended to the childhood infection	Gipotoniki in childhood may be lethargic and inactive.
hormonal changes	During puberty body undergoes rearrangement to the manifestation of strong imperfections adaptation of the autonomic nervous system.
asthenic constitution	Exposure to industrial hazards, such as high noise level, vibration, overheating leads to the fact that disrupted the vasomotor center.
Exposure to ionizing radiation	Multifactorial effects of acute radiation sickness provoke such states

Hypotension - is a state, which is a multi-factorial nature of the development. Lowering blood pressure can develop as a physiological condition, and as a variant of pathology.

The causes of this condition include:

• Vascular dystonia. This particular form of neurosis affecting the vaso-motor centers of the brain, occurs against a background of stress and long-term effects of stressful situations. Patients with neuro dystonia face trauma, chronic fatigue, lack of sleep and depression.
• Blood loss. Simultaneous blood loss develops when the defeat of various organs and systems. Patients are faced with a sharp drop in blood pressure, tachycardia, and possible cardiac arrest. Such a condition is caused by a decrease in circulating blood volume.
• Pathology of the cardiovascular system. Violation of the heart muscle maintaining an adequate vascular tone may be associated with myocarditis, heart valve disease, myocarditis and other cardiomyopathies. Moreover, as the reasons are isolated cardiac arrhythmias.
• Stomach ulcer.
• Hypothyroidism.
• Osteochondrosis of the cervical spine.
• Neoplastic processes.
• Anemia.
• Diabetic neuropathy.

Types and symptoms of hypotension

Hypotension - is a disease which can occur in both primary and secondary forms. Each different type characteristic symptoms.

Acute hypotension

Cause of acute arterial hypotension is a rapid decrease in circulating blood volume. Most often it is associated with blood loss. This form is the most dangerous because of the deterioration of blood flow to vital organs. First of all, the head of the patient suffers brain.

The development of oxygen starvation leads to unconsciousness and heart rate.

Skin pale, cold clammy sweat acts on their surface. A person experiences fear. Less commonly, the cause of hypotension can be chemical poisoning and dehydration of the patient on the background of infectious process.

chronic hypotension

This variant of the disease develops at neyrocircular distension, anemia and hypothyroidism. During the chronic hypotension is characterized by the manifestation of the gradual and continuous pressure reduction. The patient may for a long time not to ask for help, as his body begins to adapt to change.

Typical manifestations of chronic arterial hypotension include:

• weakness;
• malaise;
• exercise intolerance;
• dizziness.

In addition, patients gradually develop a tremor of the limbs and headache with a pulsating character. Violation of the heart rate is accompanied by a change in pain and aching in the sternum.

drop in blood pressure may be of a physiological nature, which is associated with the body's adaptation to changing environmental factors. For example, the pressure drops in the highlands residents or people who live in the northern regions.

Initial hypotension

This embodiment is independent form of the disease. It is also called hypotension. The reason for its development is isolated disruption of the autonomic nervous system with decreased functional activity. As a result, broken control of blood pressure condition.

By provoking factors of primary arterial hypotension include:

• long stressful condition;
• depression;
• nerve strain.

Secondary hypotension

Secondary nature of the disease is a manifestation of other pathological conditions.

The most common causes include:

• low back pain, which is localized in the cervical spine;
• heart failure; prolonged intoxication caused by alcohol;
• neuroses.

Lowering blood pressure can develop because of diabetes. By common physiological causes include pregnancy. The action of hormones on the background of pregnancy leads to a drop in blood pressure due to a decrease in vascular tone, as well as an increase in circulating blood volume.

In most cases, patients do not complain of deterioration of health. Rarely, in severe hypotension, marked weakness and dizziness with visual impairment.

orthostatic hypotension

Acutely emerged state, accompanied by a drop in blood pressure, against the backdrop of a sharp change in body position. Most often, patients are faced with it when lifting from a prone position. Its duration is equal to a few seconds, at least equal to the duration of a few minutes.

The causes of orthostatic hypotension include vascular dystonia or reception of medicines. Development Mechanism associated with a compensatory reaction in response to the redistribution of blood in the bloodstream.

The most characteristic symptoms include a sharp deterioration in health, in response to the rise of the lying position.

Patients faced with dizziness, darkening of the eyes, increased heart rate and the appearance of a cold clammy sweat. Gradually, these symptoms are self-run and do not require treatment. The greatest danger associated with high traumatization of the patient due to falls.

The degree of severity of hypotension

In clinical practice, identify several levels of severity of arterial hypotension.

Among them are:

• 1 or moderate. The disease manifests itself not more than once a day. standing time is not more than 120 seconds.
• 2 or an average degree of. It is characterized by the occurrence of seizures up to several times per day. The occupation time in this case is 60 seconds.
• 3 or heavy. The disease is characterized by multiple attacks with a time of standing equal to 30 seconds.

First and second degree corrected by adequately chosen therapy. The third stage is characterized by resistance to treatment.

Symptoms of the disease in children

Hypotension - it is a deviation from the norm, which can develop not only in adults but also in children. Most often, the disease manifests itself in patients in their teens.

This is due to a variety of precipitating factors, such as hormonal changes, rapid growth, as well as highly visible response to stress factors.

The diagnosis of childhood comes after repeated fixing reduced pressure indicators. It is important that the symptoms of the disease should not be overlooked, since ignoring the causes, can lead to complications.

The main symptoms of hypotension, characteristic of childhood, include:

• General weakness and constant fatigue.
• Nausea and dizziness.
  
• The development of frequent headaches with lightheadedness.
• Increased irritability.
• Dull pain, localized in the heart.
• Oppression in the chest.
• Drowsiness, apathy, poor academic performance.

Hypertension in pregnancy

A physiological condition associated with a fall in blood pressure during pregnancy is common in clinical practice. Most often it develops in the first trimester. Hypotension associated with the expansion of the lumen of blood vessels and blood filling in the peripheral regions. In addition, the causes include hormonal changes with an increase in progesterone.

Physiological hypotension manifested weakness and constant malaise. The woman complained of fatigue and reduced ability to work, in addition, she feels a constant desire to sleep.

Dangerous is the dizziness and blurred vision, which may cause injury. In rare cases, patients lose consciousness. Due to problems with the tolerability of exercise develops dyspnea arising during physical exertion.

Diagnosis of arterial hypotension

To confirm the diagnosis of arterial hypotension physician discovers the patient's complaints initially. Specifies the conditions of their appearance, the main symptoms, and comorbidities. The doctor important information about the possible reception of medicines. Hereinafter a blood pressure measurement is performed.

In those cases, if registered a decline of values ​​from the established norm, measurements should be performed three times at intervals of 3-5 minutes. The patient should be at rest. When confirming indicators shall be appointed ambulatory blood pressure monitoring.

To do this, the body is fixed apparatus, which after a certain period of time produces a self-measurement, including at night. The values ​​obtained are compared and determined by the period during which the pressure is reduced. Later specified triggers that could affect at the moment.

To exclude secondary character fall hypotension appoint additional methods of research. It can be instrumental and laboratory techniques.

The most commonly used:

• General clinical blood test, biochemistry. These most common methods can detect a decrease in hemoglobin levels, inflammation, as well as the disruption of the functioning of vital systems. Increase in blood glucose levels indicates the development of diabetes.
• A blood test for hormones. The most common cause of endocrine nature, which leads to hypotension, is the lack of the thyroid gland.
• Ultrasonography internal organs, the thyroid gland, as well as heart and blood vessels. Echocardiography refers to the widespread non-invasive methods of investigation, which allows to determine precisely the organic and functional pathology.
• radiography cervical spine. Its use is indicated in suspected presence of osteoarthritis.
• electrocardiogram or a non-invasive method of diagnosing the heart rhythm.
  
• Electroencephalography. Measurement of bioelectrical impulses in the brain is used to exclude neurocirculatory dystonia.

Treatment

In order to eliminate hypotension must use a comprehensive approach, which will help to effectively cope with the disease. In the initial stages of treatment of the patient is important to avoid exposure to stressful situations, and if you want to seek help from a psychologist.

In addition, the lifestyle you want to include moderate exercise and daily walks. For patients who smoke need to get rid of this bad habit, as well as from the consumption of alcoholic beverages.

First aid for fainting

First aid is necessary to consistently perform basic procedures, they include:

• Giving a patient lying position. In order to facilitate breathing is necessary to free the chest and neck from hindering clothing and jewelry.
• Giving head elevated position with podkladyvaniem cushion under her clothes or any soft materials at hand.
• Turning your head to the side to prevent aspiration of vomit. In addition, check the airway and eliminate the tongue.
• Providing free access of air. It is recommended to open the windows or turn on air conditioning. If syncope occurred in the sun, the patient should be placed in the shade.
• Raising the legs for entering larger amounts of blood to the brain.

Simultaneously with the implementation of these measures necessary to call an ambulance.

Medications

Hypotension - it is a disease in which the appointment of medical therapy shown in the cases where non-drug methods do not lead to improved health.

Furthermore, the use of these drugs is shown when expressed feel unwell, leading to disruption of quality of life. For their administration to a patient is required to conduct a complete examination of clarifying the causes of the disease. The most commonly used drugs, the basis of which contain caffeine.

This group of funds include:

• Askafen;
• Kofetamin;
• Saparal;
• Tsitramon.

To prevent symptoms of overdose, it is necessary to comply with the dosing regimen. nootropics group indicated for hypotension, which is accompanied by memory impairment, dizziness, headache.

Among these agents are used Cavinton, Vinpocetine and Nootropil. In order to improve brain function and maintaining its functional activity, or use Glycine Cere.

Physical therapy procedures

Physiotherapy arterial hypotension shown to normalize and improve vascular tone, high blood pressure, as well as increased physical and mental activity.

The most common and effective procedures include:

• Carrying circular shower. This type of hydrotherapy is carried out using a special installation. air jet-irritating and thrusting action, leading to reduction vessels. To achieve the therapeutic effect is assigned to 15 treatments.
• Daily dousing. After pouring patient 2-3 liters of water is performed actively trituration.
• Electrophoresis calcium chloride. Impact pulses on the drug collar zone increases vascular tone and improves the function of the cardiovascular system. On average, the treatment administered to 10 procedures.

Folk remedies

Application folk methods for treating hypotension shown for complex impact on the problem. They may only be used after consultation with a specialist.

The most effective folk remedies for treatment of hypotension include:

• Fees consist of mint, lemongrass, Siberian Ginseng, and lily of the valley.
• Broths of hawthorn fruit, ginseng and chamomile.
• Lemons. Lemons help to normalize blood pressure. It is used for the treatment of tea and ginger.
  
• Different types of tea. High caffeine content in green tea makes it possible to achieve a tonic effect. In addition, it normalizes blood vessels and improves brain function. Ivan tea used for getting rid of sleepiness and fatigue due to the pressure increase.

Hypotension in the initial stages easily be treated with folk remedies.

Prognosis and complications

Mostly prognosis of hypotension is favorable. Unfavorable and the relatively poor prognosis can be caused by acute condition arising. In this case, the possible onset of death due to the rapidly developing loss of blood to the cardiac arrest.

Complications associated mainly with long-flowing diseases associated with impaired blood flow to organs and systems. As a result of the gradual disruption of their operations.

Complications caused by arterial hypertension, include:

• stroke;
• myocardial infarctions of various degrees of severity;
• renal failure;
• intestinal ischemia.

If you feel unwell, you should regularly monitor the blood pressure. Upon confirmation of the diagnosis is important to seek medical advice for the purpose of selection of therapy and diagnostics. Timely detection of disease will help to eliminate the disease prior to the development of complications.

Hypotension is subjected to therapeutic treatment. But it must be understood that such conditions should be treated with long-term and systematic.

Registration of the article: Lozinski Oleg

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