Intoxication. Symptoms in adults, a child with alcohol, while ill, drug poisoning. Home Treatment

Intoxication most commonly occurs when food and chemical poisoning. Symptoms in adults are different depending on the poison that caused such state.

Common signs are indigestion, fever, disorders of the nervous system. Mild intoxication treatment can be performed at home using natural and synthetic sorbents, as well as traditional medicine recipes.

What is intoxication

Intoxication symptoms in adults which are very diverse, is a chronic or acute a condition in which there is a disruption of the vital systems and organs as a result of exposure poisons.

These substances may act as an outside (for poisoning) and formed in the body in other diseases, such as infectious pathologies with renal or hepatic insufficiency.

At the heart of the toxic effects is the damage living cells. The difference in the manifestations of the disease state is associated with the diversity and complexity of cellular structures functions.

Poison can be any animal substance, bacterial, viral, plant, inorganic or synthetic origin, which causes disturbances of biophysical, physiological, genetic, mental and other character.

The cytotoxic effects at the same time consists of the following basic mechanisms:

• deterioration of energy balance;
• violation of intracellular calcium metabolism;
• activation of oxidative processes involving free radicals;
• pathological change in protein production and cell division;
• damage to cell membranes.

Types of intoxication

In medicine have identified a number of classifications of intoxication:

1. For the duration of interaction with the toxic substance:

• Severing - the body's reaction develops within a few hours after exposure;
• acute - single exposure, within a few days;
• subacute - with continuous or periodic effect of harmful substances for a period lasting up to 3 months .;
• chronic - with a long exposure, sometimes for several years.

2. Localization of pathological disorders:

• local intoxication - pathological process develops directly in contact with the toxic substance (eyes, skin, lungs, gastrointestinal tract);
• overall - damaged parts of the body, which are removed from the contact points, there is poison absorption affects many organs and systems.

3. Depending on the degree of severity of the injury:

• slight intoxication - recover fully within a few days;
• defeated moderate - the development of irreversible pathological changes that can lead to disability, but the patient's life with appropriate treatment is continued;
• severe intoxication - life-threatening poisoning can be fatal.

4. According to the method of penetration of harmful substances:

• endointoxication - poisons are formed within the body;
• exogenous - Receipt of external toxins.

5. By main reason and the place of poisoning:

• accidental intoxication;
• deliberate (to suicide);
• household;
• Production.

Some toxic substances exert selective effects on certain organs, such as mercury salts negatively affect the kidneys, carbon tetrachloride - in the liver, but most of them cause intoxication, both local and general, leading to the defeat of many systems.

By intoxication can lead, and receive medication. This is most common with an overdose of analgesic drugs for the treatment of hypertension and arrhythmia, psychotropic substances, medicines containing iron and potassium.

Stage and degree of intoxication

intoxication stage is divided into four main periods:

• Human contact with a toxic substance;
• hidden (latent) period, when there is no pathological manifestations;
• acute stage - the state of the victim is deteriorating;

  

• the recovery period;
• stage of long-term complications.

Features and duration of each step depends on the kind of toxic compound, its properties, the dose received by the body, and the conditions under which it occurred.

At an acute poisoning isolated as 2 phases:

• toxigenic when there are common signs of poisoning;
• Somatogenic in which identifies the specific consequences.

Symptoms of intoxication

Intoxication symptoms in adults depends on the type of poison, and many other factors, the following common features:

• violation gastrointestinal work (flatulence, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain);
• fever - fever, chills, muscle pain;
• disorders of the nervous system - headache, seizures, agitation or confusion, hallucinations, psychiatric and motor disorders, loss of coordination;
• in severe cases - coma, stupor, respiratory failure due to paralysis of the respiratory muscles and death.

In all patients, the severity of these symptoms varies, since the reactivity is very individual.

For chronic poisoning are characterized by the following features:

• fast fatiguability;
• sleep disturbance (insomnia or constant sleepiness);
• irritability;
• depression;
• skin rashes;
• susceptibility to infections;
• a significant change in body weight.

In certain poisoning substances reveal the following features:

• ethylene glycol, hydrocarbons with chlorine, strychnine - convulsions;
• dichloroethane, alcohol, vinegar, arsenic, heavy metals, phosphorus - infringement of the liver and kidney, abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, mental excitement, depression alternating consciousness;
• acids and alkalis - chemical burn oropharyngeal tissues edema, respiratory failure, gastric or intestinal bleeding, pain syndrome;
• cardiac glycosides - arrhythmia, vomiting, diarrhea, constriction of the pupils;
• iron supplements - abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea, blood in the stool; during the day develops fever and liver failure, in severe cases - seizures, coma, shock;
• salicylic acid (Aspirin) - increased sweating, fever, convulsions, delirium, bleeding from the gastrointestinal tract.

Causes of intoxication

The most common causes of poisoning are:

• alcohol intoxication;
• stale food;
• organic solvents, which are made based on varnishes and paints (with prolonged inhalation of vapors);
• ingestion of household chemicals (accidental or intentional poisoning);
• drugs (overdose);
• gases and metals (carbon monoxide, releasable internal combustion engines, hydrogen sulfide, oxides of sulfur and nitrogen in fires, cadmium, used for welding and others);
• biologically active substances, violation of their elimination from the body in certain diseases (diabetes, renal and liver failure, hyperthyroidism, etc.);
• bacterial toxins, most of which are hazardous waste products Clostridia (botulinum toxin), Staphylococcus, diphtheria and cholera;
• vegetable poisons, when used in food or used in medicinal purposes; solanine contained in potatoes, green, nicotine, hyoscyamine and other toxins present in hemlock, henbane, celandine;
• toxins produced by fungi (of which the most dangerous is the Aspergillus infecting crops and higher fungi - a pale toadstool, toadstools and other);
• toxins of animal origin (the bites of insects, spiders, snakes; irritants contained in animal skin; eating poisonous species of fish, mollusks, jellyfish burns).

Diagnosis of intoxication

Diagnosis is performed on the basis of history and typical clinical signs. To determine the type of poison that caused the intoxication, conduct laboratory research to identify itself of toxins or their metabolic products in blood and other biological fluids.

In the case of the chronic form of disease and presence of complications prescribe additional instrumental examination allowing to establish the nature of the changes of the internal organs and systems (ultrasound, radiography, EGD, and CT others).

Differential diagnosis includes the following types of conditions:

• neuroinfection (meningitis, encephalitis);
• hyper- and hypoglycemia;
• traumatic brain injury;
• stomach ulcer, 12 duodenal ulcer, and other pathology.

When to see a doctor

Intoxication can cause mild form and in severe. When the symptoms of the disorder of the nervous functions, cardiovascular and other vital systems in the adult should immediately consult a doctor.

Emergency medical assistance is also required in cases of poisoning by strong poisons as timely introduction antidote and other activities are often the only way to save a life affected. In mild cases, your doctor may prescribe treatment on an outpatient basis.

Prevention of intoxication

Prevention of intoxication include the following types of activities:

• observance of sanitary-hygienic rules in the preparation and storage of food;
• the use of high-quality, boiling drinking water;
• medications (including herbs) strictly prescribed by a doctor at the recommended dosage;
• storage of medicines and household chemicals out of reach of children;
• observance of safety rules when working with toxic and hazardous substances;
• Timely diagnosis of diseases passage when symptoms occur, Medical workplace, treatment identified pathologies;
• wearing tight clothes outdoors to protect against insect and snake bites;
• exception of food of unknown plants and fungi.

Methods of treatment of intoxication

Tactics intoxication therapy depends on the phase of the disease and the type of poisonous substance. At the initial stage, the main task is to stop the intake of the poison, the prevention of cardiac, renal, hepatic failure and other complications. Subsequently, measures are taken for the treatment of disturbances in the internal organs and systems.

Corrective Action contact with the toxin include the following:

• when entering through the lungs - the removal of the affected person poisoned atmosphere or the use of personal protective equipment;
• insect stings, snake - suctioning blood from a wound (if there is no damage in the mouth), then it is necessary to spit and to rinse her mouth; splinting bitten at its extremity for immobility; the use of cold compresses;
• dermal contact with toxic hydrocarbon compounds, plants, poisonous fish, jellyfish - washing the affected area with soap and water, grease or vaseline oil other fat;
• swallowing - vomiting, gastric lavage (if the person is conscious).

The latter method is effective only for 1 hour after exposure of poison into the human body. You can not induce vomiting in the event that the poisoning of strong acids, alkalis and other substances having scorching evaporation.

This stomach purification method can lead to the following negative consequences:

• uncontrollable vomiting;
• throw poison in the upper respiratory tract and lungs, aspiration pneumonia;
• elution of drugs ingested.

Insect bites and snakes is not recommended to cauterize the wound and apply a tourniquet to the limb above the area of ​​damage.

Gastric lavage is to use large amounts of fluid. Receiving a single dose of warm water is not less than 10 ml per kg body weight of the victim. Washing is carried out with a special probe introduced into the stomach. This manipulation is repeated up to 3 times. The procedure is mandatory in cases of poisoning caustic substances.

Medications

Intoxication symptoms in adults which are described above, it is treated at an early stage in mainly using sorbents - agents capable of absorbing harmful substances in the gastrointestinal tract. The most common drugs of this group are listed in the table below.

Title	Average price, RR.	Dosage	Features
Activated carbon	40 (Table 50).	The first method - 2.1 g per 1 kg body weight, subsequently 0.5 g / kg at 4, 6, 12 and 24 h (until gastric lavage and inducing vomiting)	Universal sorbent. Contraindications to obstruction of the gastrointestinal tract, poisoning acids, alkalis, alcohols, iron preparations, iodine and salts of heavy metals, as well as the absence of consciousness at the victim. Used for 1 hour after exposure of the toxin into the body
polisorb	250 (50 g of powder)	0.1-0.2 g / kg body weight, 3-4 times a day	It outputs the toxic substances of different nature, as well as bacteria, allergens, heavy metals, alcohol, metabolic products
enterosgel	420 (225 g paste)	Article 1-1.5. l. three times a day	The action is similar to polysorbate, removes toxins from the average molecular weight (70-1000)
Filtrum-sti	90 (Table 10).	Table 2-3. 3-4 times a day	Similarly Polisorbents
Sorbeks	100 (20 capsules)	250-750 mg 3-4 times a day	The main active ingredient - activated carbon

To eliminate toxins from the body and neutralize also the following types of drugs:

• laxative medicines or vegetable oil at a poisoning caustic alkalis and acids (1 ml / kg body weight);
• 1% ascorbic acid solution to cleanse mouth - for poisoning "permanganate";
• 1-2 ml / kg of vaseline oil inside - if swallowed gasoline or other petroleum products (up gastric lavage);
• Ethanol (ethyl alcohol) - when poisoned with methanol or ethylene glycol;
• Unitol antidote, EDTA salt - for poisoning by heavy metal salts, and arsenic;
• Deferoxamine - overdose iron preparations;
• 0.06% sodium hypochlorite solution - at poisoning analgesics and hypnotics;
• antitoxic serum - bites of snakes and insects;
• Amphetamine, corazole, Kordiamin - an overdose of drugs.

As a symptomatic treatment of indications and prescribe other drugs, depending on the type of toxic substances.

Traditional methods

From the popular treatments are the most common and effective are as follows:

1. Cow's milk. His method allows to remove toxins from the body faster. This means taking in the form of heat - 1 cup immediately after occurrence of symptoms of poisoning and another 1 tbsp. 3-4 times in the next 1-2 days. Milk can drink for poisoning associated with the inhalation of the vapors of paints, swallowing ammonia, iodine, mineral acids. In the latter case, you can also drink a liquid flour dough.
2. Food poisoning stale products recommended to use sea salt solution. For its preparation 1 h. l. salt was dissolved in 1 tbsp. warm boiled water. Means take 1 tbsp. 3-4 times a day. Brine helps suppress the vital activity of pathogenic bacteria and excrete metabolic products thereof. After the treatment you must drink plenty of boiled water to restore the water-salt balance in the body.
3. A decoction of dill and honey also allows you to quickly remove toxins. To prepare it, you need 1 tbsp. l. fresh (can take 1 hour. l. dried) fennel pour 1 tbsp. boiling water. Composition kept at low heat for 20 min., Cooled slightly filtered, added 1 tbsp. l. flower honey, stir. Broth take ½ of Art. 3 times a day.
4. Food poisoning can use weak soda solution (1 hr. l. powder in 1 liter lukewarm water). His drink at a time for a natural gastric lavage. Note that during intoxication synthetic substances, this method can cause serious complications, as the soda reacts with them chemically.

Other methods

Intoxication symptoms in adults is dependent on the severity of the injury, also eliminated by the following therapeutic modalities:

• cleansing enemas intestine;
• restoring respiratory activity with carbogen (mixture of oxygen and carbon gas) or pure oxygen poisoning when vapors of chlorinated hydrocarbons and other toxic compounds;
• mechanical ventilation in the absence of spontaneous breathing;
• plasmapheresis in the development of acute renal failure;
• exchange transfusion in severe cases.

In the recovery period are assigned multivitamin preparations and light diet with the exception of products that irritate the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract. type of diet is chosen for each patient individually, depending on the destruction of certain organs.

possible complications

Lack of timely treatment can lead to the following complications:

• perforation of the gastrointestinal tract, bleeding, peritonitis;
• aspiration pneumonia;
• toxic shock syndrome;
• acute renal and hepatic failure;
• coma;
• fatal outcome.

In the delayed period may cause such adverse effects, such as:

• allergic reactions;
• complications during pregnancy (congenital malformations, fetal death);
• formation of malignant tumors;
• the development of chronic diseases of internal organs;
• reproductive harm.

Intoxication - a dangerous condition that can lead to death. Symptoms in adults and treatment depend on the type of toxic substance that triggered the violation. The most important factor determining the success of therapy is the accurate identification of the causes of poisoning and timely first aid to the victim.

Registration of the article: Mila Friedan

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