Ketone bodies in urine. What does this mean for children, men, women, pregnancy, elevated, slightly positive. Norm mmol / l, the definition of analysis, the test strip

Ketone bodies in urine is abnormal. Their presence can be triggered by pathological processes. But most of all it means that a person develops diabetes, the body does not have enough glucose.
Ketone bodies in urine - what does it mean?

The appearance of acetone (ketone bodies) means lack of glucose. It is needed for energy production. When it begins to use a lack of body reserves glucose from the liver. When it ends, the energy (required to operate the internal organs) is produced from the fat cells or protein contained in the muscle tissue. During the processing of the energy is released and ketone bodies.

These include:

• beta gidromaslyanaya acid;
• acetoacetic acid;
• acetone.

  

If ketone bodies produced little, and have no pathology in the liver. They break up into carbon dioxide and water, and successfully excreted. When there is an excess of them in the body, the body being tracked in the analysis.

Norma indicators of ketone bodies in the urine of women, men, children

Ketones in the urine - this means that the body lacks energy due to a lack of glucose. Having bodies in children and pregnant body may be a temporary deviation is eliminated by adjusting the power, without medication.

The normal rate of ketone bodies should not exceed 0.5 mmol / l. With so many they can not be monitored in the normal urinalysis. At a pinch, a specialist already beginning to assess the patient's condition severity.

normal	Lung	Average	severe	critical
Indicator ketone bodies (mmol / l)	0	0,5-1,5	1,5-4	4-10	over 10
notes	—	Perhaps this is a temporary deviation or error at the time of analysis. Retake required analysis and correction of nutritional	It means pathology in 80% of cases of diabetes is. It requires a comprehensive examination and treatment. If the rate is increased, the patient is put in hospital	In this state, a person close to a state of coma, need urgent hospitalization and administration of intravenous drugs	Usually this coma or unconsciousness. We need urgent help to the patient with the introduction of drugs. Without medication, death occurs.

For adults, pregnant women and children, the rules are the same indicators. Determine the presence of bodies in urine may be at the time of analysis in the lab and at home (to be written on that below). If there are deviations require consultation and treatment by a physician / pediatrician. The earlier identified pathology, the greater the chances for a full recovery.

Ketonuria: Causes

Ketonuria characterized by a high content of ketone bodies. At untimely treatment of the disease can carry a mortal danger to the patient. Treating physician / pediatrician may prescribe only after identifying the reasons for the increase of ketone bodies.

Key factors:

1. The presence of diabetes mellitus. Identify the disease can be delivery of blood sugar. Indicator glucose above 5.5 mmol / L indicates the presence of disease. If you have diabetes do not produce insulin or it is ignored. He contributes to the normal absorption of glucose. The required energy is produced from the fats and proteins, the resulting ketone bodies are allocated.
2. Excessive consumption of fat and protein foods and ignoring carbohydrates. This gives the process of energy, fat and protein breakdown occurs with the release of ketone bodies;
3. Long dieting upsets the balance in the body.
4. Side effects from taking medication compliance.
5. Lack of fluid consumed daily.
6. Toxemia during pregnancy, the body can absorb all the food is not. Triggered by a failure in the exchange process.
7. Insufficient production of enzymes provokes an incomplete digestion of carbohydrates.
8. Infectious diseases of the digestive organs. Especially affects the liver work.
9. Thyroid disease.
10. Settling parasitic organism.
11. Tumors and inflammatory processes in the digestive tract.
12. The use of low-quality alcohol products or poisoning food.
13. Poison chemical compounds.
14. Emotional and nerve strain of the organism, in this time of glucose consumption increases significantly.
15. When hypothermia and increased physical exertion expended a lot of energy for its filling may be insufficient glucose. Then, the body produces it from fat and protein.

For children under the age of 11-13 years, there are additional causes of ketonuria.

This is due to the fact that the body is still developing:

• in the body have not yet stockpiles have sufficient glucose, however its slightest deviations failure is expressed in assays;
• children are too sedentary life and spend a lot of energy, if you will not do an adequate amount of glucose, the body will be forced to extract it from the fat and protein reserves;
• the pancreas is formed up to 12 years, so it can sometimes be interrupted in her work. Lack of insulin effect on glucose assimilation by the body.

Parents are important to ensure that the diet of a child was full with the completion of the necessary energy reserves. Malnutrition the baby causes harmful bodies in urine. They are removed when you change the diet.

Ketonuria: Symptoms

Ketone bodies in urine (this does not necessarily mean there is a serious disease) sometimes occur because of errors in the diet, especially in childhood and during pregnancy. According to the symptoms we can determine the presence of abnormalities in the body.

Symptoms characteristic of ketonuria:

1. The patient begins to receive refuse from food and water. After the meal there is a feeling of nausea with profuse vomiting;
2. Abdominal pain, there is a sharp and sudden;
3. Increase in body temperature to 38,8-39,5 degrees;
4. Severe intoxication with dehydration. This is followed by pallor and dry skin, including language. On the cheeks there is a characteristic red.
5. Disrupted the nervous system, is characterized by differences in behavior, excitability may soon be replaced by a desire to sleep. The patient spends more time in sleep. May cause cramps in the limbs.
6. The patient smell of acetone. Odor may be at breath, urine and from the skin. Ketone bodies are allocated and sweat secretions.
7. The liver due to the large load increases in volume.
8. Heart rate quickens;
9. Lasting headache;
10. Failure in breathing;
11. Decreased activity of the brain affects the decrease in concentration and memory;
12. The increased sugar content;
13. Top disease is characterized by frequent urination, which gradually begins to soften.

If the patient is increased, and the smell of acetone in this state is rapidly deteriorating, need urgent hospitalization. The patient may fall into a coma or lethargy. Not ruled out death. If a person has described the symptoms, you should consult a physician for further diagnosis and cause of the disease.

Methods for determination of ketone bodies in urine

Ketones in the urine is determined using test strips. When lowering in urine, they change color depending on the amount of content bodies (detail on their use will be described below). Or can be the laboratory method. If it is positive, it means that it is necessary to begin treatment.

To determine the presence of bodies shall morning urine sample or daily. According to the daily analysis of the study results will be more complete. On it is possible to identify what caused the increase tel. On the morning portion can only exclude diabetes, if the analysis of the medium is not would be sour.

Without an analysis of the disease will give a peculiar smell of urine, he will be severely or slightly smell acetone. Thereafter, it is desirable to take the daily dose to establish an accurate diagnosis.

In the laboratory analysis can spend in different ways:

• Lange sample. In the presence of purple ring formed bodies in urine.
• Sample Rotherham. If a positive result appears reddish-purple ring on the color intensity is determined by the severity of the disease.
• The sample is legal. A deviation is defined as urine changes color on the reagent. If there is a body, the urine turns red or pink color.
• Sample Lestrade. Checked reagent staining when exposed to urine. Red and pink signal the deviation.

The results of the analysis are usually indicators numbers are not specified. If there is no deviation, the result will be a dash. If any, will be pros from 1 to 3, they characterize the severity of the patient's condition. Hard to believe the state, if the analysis is worth 3 plus.

Preparation for analysis

The accuracy parameters analysis plays a significant role preparation. There are factors that could affect the result. Before the appointment of urine collection, the therapist stipulates preparation conditions:

• Adjusted power for 24 hours before collection analysis. Removed from the diet:

1. coloring products (oranges, carrots, beets);
2. sweets (chocolate, candies, cakes);
3. drinks with gas content, and alcohol;
4. strong tea and coffee;
5. smoked, salty and fatty foods.

• On the day should abandon dietary supplements, complex vitamins and diuretics.
• If there are chronic diseases requiring regular intake of drugs and can not be undone, it needs to be informed of the therapist / pediatrician.
• It is forbidden to physically overstrained.
• The result can be distorted if before delivery was to visit a bath or sauna.
• On the result affects the psychological balance (stress overexcited).
• If there was inspection of the bladder by means of endoscopy, then take the urine can be no earlier than 7-8 days.
• In the presence of increasing temperature and pressure, specimen collection tolerated. Also, the procedure should be abandoned in the critical days to pass urine and after their completion.

It is not recommended to change the normal diet and daily routine with the exception of the above factors. And also use the excess liquid. Otherwise the result will be incomplete.

Analysis of urine for ketones: conducting

Ketone bodies in urine - it means, sometimes, the wrong process of collecting material. A small deviation when taking urine can spoil result.

That there was no distortion, it is recommended to follow the rules:

1. Before urine collection should be carried out podmyvanii genitalia (without using aggressive detergents, soaps sufficiently child) followed by sponging with a clean towel.
2. Packaging should be clean and dry. If the urine is not going into the container from the pharmacy, the dishes should be boiled and dried.
3. When urinating genitals should not be in contact with the container.
4. If the woman is menstruating, but the analysis is necessary to pass urgently, vagina shuts swab or urine collected by the catheter.
5. Analysis must get to the laboratory within 2 hours.
6. When collecting the morning portion, the first drops of urine should not fall into the container.
7. Daily analysis collected for 24 hours. This will require:

• clean and dry container of not less than 3-4 liters;
• First, the morning portion is not needed;
• the second urge the toilet begins to collect urine. You must not forget about cleaning the.
• at daily collection container is stored in the cold, at a temperature of 2-8 degrees;
• after the last draining urine is mixed and poured into the container volume 150-200 ml;
• to analyze the need to put patient data (height, weight), as well as what time started collecting the material, how much water was consumed per day and how much urine is highlighted.

8. Urine should not be long exposed to air, so the container must be tightly closed.

When collecting urine in children need to adhere to the same rules. For the convenience of the fence, you can use the bag or a clean plastic bag. Further, the urine is poured into the container for delivery. With proper preparation and assembly assay result will be 100% accurate.

Determination of ketone bodies in urine test strips

Test strips can be used at home as well as their use in hospitals and laboratories Express, to quickly get the result. In appearance, it is the white strip, which contains reagents. they are sold in special tubes at the drugstore.

To use them, you need to conduct training and collect urine correctly. Before use, you need to read the instructions, how long you need to keep the strip in the urine and the interval after which you can evaluate the result.

Outside the tube strip is suitable for use within 1 hour. Since it rapidly absorbs moisture from the surrounding air and by prolonged contact with air, the result will be inaccurate. Container with test strips should be kept in a tightly closed form.

To determine the presence of ketone bodies, the strip must be lowered into the urine and hold therein until complete impregnation. Next, the strip is placed on a dry, flat surface. The average result is determined after 2 minutes. According to the intensity of color strips can be judged on the number of bodies in the urine.

Most often strip is painted in the colors:

• pink indicates the content bodies to 1.5 mmol / l;
• red to 4 mmol / L;
• bright purple indicates the presence of more than 10 mmol / l bodies need urgent appeal to the hospital.

If the strip did not change color, it means the amount of ketone bodies do not exceed the norm. To ensure proper use of strips and determine the result of the instruction is applied to them and a table for decoding. When the bar indicates the presence of bodies, it is necessary to deliver a more accurate analysis of urine to the laboratory and apply for the appointment of the treatment the therapist / pediatrician.

You can not use the strip repeatedly as reagents no longer valid. Also during the test strip is not recommended to be taken for the edge that will be omitted from the urine, it may harm the accuracy of the result. The amounts of urine should be sufficient to fully impregnate the strip, at least 15-20 ml.

Pharmacies test strips are sold the following types:

1. Ketoglyuk-1. Strips determine ketone bodies in urine and glucose. After opening the strips should be used within 2 months, then they lose their properties. When using the strip changes color from pink to red.
2. Ketofan. Using only the body stripes can be determined. Once opened, they should be used within 1 month. Color color varies from pink to purple.
3. Atsetontest. The principle of operation and the same shelf life. Low sensitivity to the bodies. The result is recorded in the presence of 1 mmol / L in urine.
4. Uriket-1. High sensitivity for ketones. Once opened, store up to 2 months. The color changes from pink to purple.

The packaging contains from 50 to 100 bars. This amount is sufficient for daily monitoring. When done properly, the procedure, the result is comparable to laboratory analyzes. When observing increasing bodies should contact a physician for purposes of treatment or correction.

ketonuria treatment

Ketones in the urine - this means that in the body there is a deviation, which require immediate treatment. Lack of energy and excess body can lead to death.

The increase of ketone bodies (this can be seen in the amplification odor of acetone), the patient requires urgent rendering first aid. To begin, the patient is an enema to cleanse the body of toxins. To do this, the patient must be given to drink more fluids. If the patient does not have diabetes, the water can be added to give a glucose or compote. You need to drink 1-3 sips, that there was no vomiting.

To remove poisons patient is given activated carbon or polisorb. It absorbs toxins isolated and ketone bodies, an overdose of these drugs is not possible. Therefore, their use is recommended, even if the unknown cause of ketone bodies.

If it is known that the patient has diabetes, the insulin must be administered intravenously. To do this you must first measure the amount of sugar in the blood. For more accurate dosage of drugs. We called an ambulance. The attending physician ascertain the reasons for the increase in glucose and ketone bodies, as well as the treatment is adjusted.

When the cause is infectious disease or teething in children, the sick and provide water with glucose and do an enema. If the situation repeats itself, you must call the emergency care.

If the reason for the appearance of ketone bodies is unknown, such situation has arisen for the first time. The patient can make an enema and give polisorb or smektu. If you feel unwell need medical emergencies. Next, the therapist or pediatrician found out the cause of the body and treatment is prescribed.

Diet for ketonuria

Regardless of the causes of the disease, the expert appointed by the diet. It will help the body recover faster. Sometimes all of the treatment may be based on a special diet if ketonuria reason is not a serious disease.

On the first day at the discovery of the bodies in the urine of the patient is allowed to drink plenty of liquids, and to clean the body of toxins. Allowed to use broths camomile and peppermint (zaparivat as in the preparation of conventional tea). Useful compote of dried fruit, especially raisins.

The next day, already allowed the use of soup puree, liquid cereals, low-fat broth. On the third day, you can gradually introduce new products that are permitted by your doctor.

The list of foods and dishes, allowed to receive:

• It allowed the use of all fruits, except citrus. In the first week, it is desirable to bake fruits, do not eat fresh;
• honey, jam, glucose;
• boiled or roasted lean meats;
• crackers and hard cookies;
• fruit drinks, mineral water (preferably Essentuki №17);
• low-fat milk products.

The volume of liquid drunk per day should be less than 2-2.5 liters. So the body will be cleansed and able to function normally.

Excluded from the diet of unhealthy foods: alcohol, fatty meals and semi-finished food products.

Ketones in the urine, is a pathology. For the treatment it is necessary to find out the reason, it means that you need to address to the therapist or pediatrician for passing examinations. Self-treatment can only bring harm to the patient.

Author: Svetlana Kotlyachkova

Registration of the article: Mila Friedan

Video of ketonuria

What is ketonuria and what you need to know: