1 Medical indications

The body contains hundreds of kinds of proteins, each of which performs its function. Some of them contain exclusively amino acids, others are supplemented with carbohydrates, proteins, lipoproteins, lipids, hemoglobin or glycoproteins. The ability of the organism to restore depends on the concentration of proteins. If the total amount of protein( total protein) is present in the blood in insufficient quantity, then the structure and functionality of tissues and organs is inferior.

Exchange protein processes occur in the liver. From the proper functioning of this organ, the course of protein metabolism depends. Total protein in a normal amount contributes to the timely response of the body to damage to organs and tissues and malfunctions in their functioning.

Fibrinogen regulates blood clotting mechanisms, globulin fractions are responsible for the immune system, and albumin for reducing processes. OBK is formed from the proteins of several fractions:

1. Albumins( low-molecular proteins).
2. Globulins( large-molecular proteins).
3. Fibrinogen( high molecular weight protein).

Albumins provide the body with building material for the synthesis of new cells and the maintenance of the structure of tissues and organs. Globulins synthesize immunoglobulins, antibodies and immune proteins. Fibrinogen is necessary for the formation of a platelet blood clot, this protein is responsible for clotting of blood. In BRECH, it is present in a much smaller amount than the rest of the fractions. Normal indices of proteins:

• protein( 64 - 84 g / l);
• albumins( 35 - 55 g / l);
• globulins( determined by individual species and fractions only if necessary);
• fibrinogen( 2 - 4 g / l).

When determining the total protein in the blood, the norm in women may differ from the fixed index in men of the same age on10 %.Scientists explain this by the increased need of the female body in the protein for the production of sex hormones. In this case, the representatives of the fair sex lowered the synthetic properties of the liver.

2 BRE during the period of gestation of a child

During pregnancy, many changes occur in the body, the concentration of hormones and proteins in the blood in women is changing. In the normal range, a deviation of up to 30% remains in the direction of decline. Such a change can be triggered by the following factors:

• increase in protein requirements for the synthesis of sex hormones;
• increased blood plasma volume due to fluid retention in the body;
• the emergence of the need for material for the growth and development of the baby in the womb

The increase in the level of total protein is diagnosed less frequently and is characteristic of some diseases. Deviations are:

1. Absolute.
2. Relative.
3. Physiological.

In the first case, the total protein in the blood changes because of the fluctuation in metabolic rate. This is due to some pathological or physiological processes( pregnancy, etc.).Relative abnormalities are observed when the concentration of water in the blood changes( increased sweating).Physiological abnormalities are provoked by prolonged compliance with bed rest, consumption of large amounts of protein foods, heavy physical exertion, pregnancy, or breast-feeding.

Hypoproteinemia - a decrease in the OBR.This condition can arise due to physiological or pathological processes in the body. Physiological hypoproteinemia is not associated with the presence of diseases. Pathological processes:

• chronic bleeding;
• insufficient amount of protein food in the diet;
• anemia;
• parenchymal hepatitis;
• fasting;
• protein loss during urination;
• fever;
• intoxication.

The total protein in the blood can be lowered:

• in the last trimester of pregnancy;
• due to prolonged hypodynamia;
• when breastfeeding;
• due to increased physical exertion.

3 Symptoms and factors of development of ailments

Symptom of a lowered OBF is tissue swelling, but it occurs only when the protein concentration becomes less than 50 g / l. Hyperproteinemia - an increase in the OBR.It is observed exclusively in the presence of pathology. In a healthy organism, the total protein does not exceed the normal values. Provoke this condition can dehydration or the presence of infection in the body.

If the total protein is increased, you should immediately seek help from a doctor.

They are obliged to conduct a patient examination, determine the cause of hyperproteinemia, diagnose and prescribe appropriate treatment. Physicians identify the following factors, which equally can contribute to the development of hypoproteinemia and hyperproteinemia:

• the presence of a tumor;
• of the gastrointestinal tract;
• operation;
• liver disease;
• pleurisy;
• glomerulonephritis;
• thyrotoxicosis;
• rheumatoid arthritis;
• fever;
• burn;
• scleroderma;
• ascites;
• chronic and acute bleeding;
• infusion therapy;
• diabetes( sugar or non-sugar);
• anemia;
• myeloma;
• injury;
• extensive burns;
• intoxication;
• lymphogranulomatosis;
• nephritis.

The concentration indices in the total protein of certain fractions can give the treating physician more information about the patient's body condition than the data of the total protein. The determination of the concentration of albumin is required in the diagnosis of diseases of the kidneys, liver, oncological and rheumatic diseases. With dehydration, the concentration of albumin increases. Reduction of this protein is observed in mothers breastfeeding, pregnant women and smokers. The following factors may provoke its reduction:

• chronic kidney and liver diseases;
• fasting;
• bowel disease;
• infection;
• sepsis;
• large amount of consumed liquid;
• bleeding;
• purulent processes;

4 Characteristics of protein fractions

Globulins are proteins involved in immune processes that carry iron to tissues and affect blood coagulability. Specialists distinguish 4 groups of globulins:

1. Alfa-1.
2. Alpha-2.
3. Beta.
4. Gamma.

Normally, the concentration of alpha-1 globulins in the blood is 2 to 5%.Their level is increased due to diffuse connective tissue diseases, acute inflammatory processes, pregnancy( in the 3rd trimester), tumors, surgical intervention, injuries and liver diseases.

The level of alpha-2 globulins varies between 7 and 13%.Their concentration increases due to tumors and inflammations, with kidney and liver diseases, diffuse connective tissue diseases, during pregnancy or as a result of taking oral contraceptives and estrogen. Reduction of alpha-2 globulin indicates diabetes mellitus or pancreatitis. The decrease in the concentration of beta-globulins occurs against the background of a deficit of CBA.

The normal concentration of gamma globulins is 12-22%.They contribute to the production of antibodies. Increase in the concentration of this protein is due to liver disease, tuberculosis, bronchial asthma. Reducing the concentration of gamma globulins in children( 3 - 4 months) is observed with a physiological decrease, and in adults - in the presence of pathological processes in the body. C-reactive protein is the first to react to tissue damage. If CRP is present in the plasma, then, in the body there is trauma, inflammation or foreign microorganisms. With the help of SRB, the protective forces of the organism are activated.

Normally its amount ranges from 0, 5 mg / l, but with penetration of the infection or the development of inflammation, the concentration increases rapidly. The amount of c-reactive protein is determined for the diagnosis of tumor formations and acute infectious diseases. Tracking the change in its level allows you to determine the effectiveness of treatment.

5 Creatine

Creatinine is the final product of protein metabolism. He participates in the energy exchange of tissues. The level of creatinine increases with:

• muscle damage;
• taking certain medicines;
• increased content of meat products in the diet.

Lowered creatinine is a sign of vegetarianism, fasting, pregnancy( 1st trimester), muscle loss or corticosteroid use. Rheumatoid arthritis leads to the fact that the body begins to perceive its own structures as alien elements. Trying to destroy them, he develops autoantibodies - a rheumatoid factor. They attack G-immunoglobulins, which under the influence of negative factors change their state.

Rheumatic factor in normal and in women and men should not exceed 10 U / ml. Its excess is observed in the following diseases:

• muscle inflammation;
• dermatomyositis;
• presence of tumors;
• viruses;
• cirrhosis of the liver.

It is impossible to diagnose any of these conditions based solely on the rheumatoid factor of total protein. It is necessary to assign additional tests.

Myoglobin is found in the cardiac and skeletal muscles. Increased myoglobin levels occur with:

• burns;
• injuries and muscle strain;
• myocardial infarction.

The decrease in myoglobin concentration in the total protein in the blood is affected by polymyositis. Analysis for myoglobin is prescribed in the diagnosis of diseases of the heart and skeletal muscles. Urea is formed in the liver from ammonia during the breakdown of proteins. An increased concentration of urea testifies to heart failure, kidney disease. The amount of urea is reduced if the patient is poisoned with arsenic.

High protein content in food helps increase the amount of urea, and the predominance of plant foods - reduces it. A blood test for total protein allows doctors to make an accurate diagnosis. If the protein in the serum is elevated or lowered, then there are glitches in the body.

The main rule of preparation for the analysis of the total protein is an exception to the diet of the liquid. The collection of blood is done in the morning on an empty stomach. Before this, it is necessary to refrain from meals for 8 to 12 hours, reducing the amount of protein food in the diet. Before taking the total blood protein, the patient must refrain from heavy physical exertion.