Immunogram. What is it that shows the analysis of children, adult, basic, advanced, as do Hemotest, decoding, rate, chart, price

Human constant exposure to the environment with a variety of bacteria, viruses, fungi and other agents. Dangerous are their own and changed for various reasons, the cells are not able to work as intended.

To protect against internal enemies and the adverse impact of external microorganisms exist immunity - a universal security system designed to detect and destroy anything that might bring harm. His condition modern medicine can appreciate. Immunogram - the definition of the parameters of the human body immunity.

What is immunogram?

Analysis of the state of the human body's defenses - immunity. He is the general and local. At inspection on general immunity analysis of blood is taken, in the case of local investigated saliva, mucus, cerebrospinal fluid, and other. In immunogram identified and counted cells of various types, their ratio, features functioning as well as potential opportunities.

One of the most important immune cells - lymphocytes, or white blood cells.

Their place of education:

• Bone marrow;
• the thymus;
• lymph nodes;
• tonsils;
• spleen;
• payerovy plaque in the intestine.

Lymphocytes are responsible for detection and antibodies to all others' as well as the work of other cells. There are three known types: Searches B lymphocytes, helper cells, killer T-lymphocytes and NK controllers. Furthermore, the subject of research in immunogram are antibodies (immunoglobulin) classes A, M, G, E.

The presence and amount is determined in order to determine with some infections (toxins, foreign proteins) meets the body and a force response developed in the parasite. The number of indicators and their ratio in the immunological points on the stage of disease and the effectiveness to combat it.

What does the research?

Analyzes are conducted on specific parameters and identify excessive immune activity and its inhibition, and autoimmune processes, in which immune cells attack your body well. The main parameters of the following examinations.

• Cell-mediated immunity. Protection within the cell with the help of lymphocytes.
• Humoral immunity. A protective barrier in the intercellular space.
• Interferons. The first line of host defense against invasion. They are a protein produced in response to the activity of viruses and bacteria. Interferons destroy harmful elements in the cells and the intercellular space, and the cells themselves become less permeable. This protection is not specific, that is, acts not only on a particular type of virus or bacteria that caused their appearance, but also inhibits the proliferation of other pathogens. Known for their role in the fight against tumors and stimulate the work of other parameters of the immune system. There are three major types of interferons with different subtypes. Rate of interferons infected organism allows to assess readiness repel, and the need to assign them further as drugs in the case of protracted, chronic infections. In addition, the evaluation of interferon status gives the prognosis of the disease course.
• The complement system. These particular proteins capable to destroy harmful bacteria and human viruses. Part of the non-specific innate immunity. Proteins react to pathogens quickly, because their activation is not required for adverse effects. Immunogram evaluate their activity.
• The ability to phagocytosis (Destruction) foreign agents.
• Autoimmune factors. In immunogram evaluated the presence and quantity of autoantibodies that occur when the body attacks itself, sensing tissue as foreign bodies. This causes a dysfunction of inflammation.
• Allergic response. Often through immunogram determined by immunoglobulin E and eosinophil protein, indicating an allergic process (or parasites).
• Evaluation of the thymus gland. It will show how the body acts as a "training" T-lymphocytes.

Immunogram - a counting cell types responsible for the protection inside the cell and outside it, as the cellular and humoral immunity are closely interrelated.

Depending on the amount, ratio and evaluation of the functional capacity of cells can talk about:

1. chronic or acute phase of the disease;
2. infection caused by bacteria, viruses or fungi, as well as HIV;
3. parasitic infestation or allergic reactions;
4. malignant process;
5. congenital immunodeficiency states;
6. autoimmune diseases, radiation, stress, poisoning;
7. reducing the immune response after surgery, trauma, myocardial;
8. reception of various drugs, including drugs, and many other conditions.

Hemotest kinds, their differences: basic, advanced immunogram

Immunogram - a comprehensive analysis. Consequently, the complex may be composed of different amounts of components - separate analyzes of varying difficulty. According to one classification, immunological studies are divided into two main levels: the first - indicative aimed at identifying major damage immunity, and the second - concretizing, in-depth.

In the first stage are used simpler methods, and to in-depth analyzes of increased demands on the methods, professional development and the type of laboratory.

Depending on the results of the first level of tests, researchers concretize the set of analyzes to be performed on the second level. Therefore, there is no definite number of tests of the second level.

According to another classification, defined four stages of immunogram. With each successive stage makes the study more specific, in depth, science-intensive.

Commercial medical laboratories often offer, in addition to the separate analyzes of the first level, to carry out basic or expanded third level studies. The basic package often includes about 10-13 tests, and advanced - to 17-18.

They differ in the degree of phagocytosis depth study, the inclusion of advanced packet complement components C3, C4 and some other parameters. Selecting the type of research must always remain with the specialist. If the general parameters of the first level can appreciate competent therapist, the interpretation of the results of in-depth studies on the forces only by experienced doctors immunologists.

Table of standard analysis of indicators for children and adults

Immunogram - a set of indicators of immunity, with significant variability depending on:

• age;
• sex;
• race;
• place of residence, environmental conditions;
• of existing diseases or postponed;
• taken drugs;
• techniques applied specific laboratory.

It is important to know that the margin of the normal vibrations of performance is 30 - 40%, and the interpretation of results in isolation from the conversation with the patient and evaluation of the clinical picture is considered to be uninformative. Because each organism is strictly individual, most indicative value test dynamics.

Analyst subject matter how much above normal and significantly reduced. The table shows the approximate values ​​of the main data immunogram for children. In addition, each laboratory has its own rules.

An object	Value
lymphocytes: Newborn With 5 days of life up to 5 years From 5 to 10 years Older than 10 years	16 - 32% of all leukocytes 30 — 65% 35 – 55% 35 – 45%
T lymphocytes: Up to 1 year To 6 years From 7 to 17 years	From 1900 3600 mm3 From 1800 to 3000 From 1400 to 2000
The titer of complement	From 20 to 30 units
CEC (circulating immune complexes)	Up to 5 conventional units
phagocytic number phagocytic index	1 to 2.5 From 40 to 90
IgG to a year To 9 years 10 years	1.9 to 11.8 From 5.2 to 14.1 From 5.4 to 16.1
IgM to a year From 1 to 6 years From 7 to 9 years 9 years	From 0, 11 to 1.04 From 0.55 to 2.1 From 0.55 to 1.6 From 0.50 to 1.8
IgE Up to 1 year Up to 5 years Up to 14 years	From 0 to 20 IU / ml 10 to 20 20 to 60
IgA Up to 2 years From 3 to 8 years 9 years	Of less 0.06 g / l to 1.65 From 0.83 to 2.17 From 0.70 to 2.8

The table shows the approximate standard values ​​basic indicators immunogram for adults. It is important to remember that each laboratory is focused on their own standards.

Object of study	Indicator
T lymphocytes (CD4 5+ CD3 +)	From 40 to 80% of the total number of lymphocytes
killers	From 5 to 15% of the total number of lymphocytes
B-lymphocytes (CD4 5+ CD3- CD19 +)	From 5 to 30% of the total number of lymphocytes
Subpopulations of T-lymphocytes (CD-4 ratio \ CD-8)	From 1.5 to 2
phagocytosis of granulocytes	From 20 to 70% of the total number of granulocytes
IgG	5.40 - 16.31 grams per liter
IgM	0.23 - 2.93 grams per liter
IgA	0.63 - 6.45 grams per liter

Indications for analysis

There are a number of diseases in which immunogram will provide additional information to clarify the diagnosis, treatment protocol and prognosis.

• Acquired immunodeficiency diseases due to (syphilis, hepatitis, HIV, radiation disease, leukemia and other).
• Suspicion of primary immunodeficiency in children. It is important to know that up to a year in children circulate in the blood mother cells, so the child's immune system diagnostics difficult.
• Long purulent infection.
• Heavy flows repetitive viral and / or bacterial infections, fungal infections, poorly treatable.
• Regular pneumonia.
• Suspicion of an autoimmune nature of the disease.
• Severe allergic reactions.
• Oncology.
• Long reception of immunosuppressants.
• Transplantation of donor organs.
• During pregnancy in case of Rh-conflict, violations of the interaction of mother and fetus tissue, recurrent herpes in the mother.
• The elevated temperature for longer than two weeks of uncertain origin.
• Parasitic diseases.
• Diseases of the endocrine system.
• Prolonged depression, severe stress, a state of constant fatigue.

Contraindications

Immunogram need is not for every disease or condition. In some cases, other medical tests to help determine the diagnosis without difficulty.

It:

• Frequent colds infections, uncomplicated and changes of immune cells as a general blood test.
• child vaccination.
• Infection in the acute stage of inflammation (except when it is required to analyze the immune response to infection).
• Normal pregnancy.
• Suspicion of HIV, AIDS before diagnosis.
• Venzabolevany.
• All the days of menstruation.
• One month after vaccine made.
• The rash of unknown origin.

Preparation for analysis

To get the most correct results of the analyzes, it is important to observe a number of rules:

• not eat for 10-12 hours;
• do not drink alcohol two days before blood sampling;
• Do not smoke for 3-4 hours;
• do not be nervous;
• strain not physically remain at rest;
• not to change the usual routine;
• do not take drugs.

How is the research?

Blood from a finger or rent from a vein. Strictly on an empty stomach in the morning (from 7 am to 10 am). Typed blood in the two tubes. One collapses, and the study is subject to the plasma, and the other under the effect of anticoagulants blood remains in the same state. Further specialists provide a number of different tests.

How long does it wait for an answer?

Immunogram - a set of tests carried out using different methods. Therefore, the term of its readiness is determined by the very long-term tests. On average, the laboratory give results after 5-7 days. But in some cases, time may need more. For example, the determination of interferon status takes up to 10-11 business days.

Deciphering analysis: value indicators

Interpret results immunogram can only physician immunologist. Deviations are considered as a reduction in performance as the value increases. In both cases, they indicate a variety of diseases, congenital or acquired immune pathologies.

non-specific immunity

Human immunity is specific and non-specific. In the first case the protective cells must first meet the malicious object to learn and form an adequate response.

In the second cell is initially prepared for any attack, training is not required. It is an innate human ability, for which the body's white blood cells are responsible macrophages, neutrophils, T-killer cells and NK-cells.

Each type of cell - its scope of work.

Protective cells circulate in the skin and mucous membranes - the first barrier. Separating protective substances (lysozyme, interferon beta-lysine, etc.), white blood cells destroy anything that might bring harm. The number of enemies included, and its own cells, which can degenerate into a tumor. Notable features of this invisible man fight - inflammation and fever.

phagocytes

Phagocytosis - is the absorption of foreign cells.

This property is possessed by different immune cells:

• neutrophils;
• monocytes;
• macrophages;
• dendritic cells;
• mast cells.

They differ in the place of circulation, the choice of the victim (selectively absorb pathogens) and the method of killing: some capture and digest the enemy, the other in the destruction die with them.

Some phagocytic cells not only kill pathogens but also show other immune cells digested information about the enemy, "teaching" them to continue the struggle. In addition to these specific phagocytes, and other immune cells have similar properties: platelets, histiocytes and others.

The complement system

Congenital system of special protective proteins, are constantly present in the blood called complement. Total of about 30. They fight like viruses and bacteria, and to antibodies generated against the body's own tissues. The complement system - this is one of the parts of the non-specific immunity.

70% complement is composed of a single protein - C3, whose role is to help phagocytosis. Enveloping the pathogen is a special substance, a protein facilitates its digestion by phagocytes. In immunogram low content C3 is increased risk of infections and autoprotsessov.

Another active protein, which is often determined by analysis, is C4. Low blood levels of it may be indicative of autoimmune diseases: gromerulonefrite or systemic lupus erythematosus.

Cellular immunity

The basis of this type of immunity is T-lymphocytes, "working" inside the cells. Maturing and "learning" in the thymus, they come in various types and are designed for different types of work: search, recognition and destruction of enemies, help each other, the process of coordination and suppression of the immune response, when the need for it ends.

This type of immunity is important in the control of pests, infiltrated into the cells and also destroys the cells themselves, the affected organisms, and plays a critical role in tissue rejection.

Humoral immunity

This protection of internal body fluids by B-lymphocytes, responsible for the production of antibodies and immunoglobulins. Lymphocytes block malicious elements and the phagocytes destroy them. Laboratory assessment shall cover not only the number of such cells, but also the accuracy of their work.

iga

Antibodies produced by lymphocytes in response to the infectious agent. The skin and mucous membranes is one of the tools of humoral protection, the primary response to the introduction of pathogens into the body. Furthermore, IgA and circulates in the bloodstream.

Increased amount of globulin in the blood may mean that at the moment there is an acute inflammatory process, that the patient It takes certain medications (including oral contraceptives), as well as significant physical activity the day before delivery analysis.

Too low levels may be indicative of hypoplasia of the thymus, the problems with the colon, HIV or AIDS, and other diseases. immunoglobulin A levels in the child gradually grows in the first years of life, reaching adult levels after 5 years.

igm

Another level of humoral specific protection of the organism - the antibody class M. Appear in the blood and other fluids in response to the penetration of a foreign agent.

Elevated levels may indicate:

• acute infectious disease caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites or fungi;
• serious liver problems;
• kadidoz;
• cystic fibrosis;
• some autoimmune diseases;
• in pregnant intrauterine infection and more.

Normally, adults over IgM, than in children and in women more than in men. A significant drop in standard indicators of immune deficiency is a result of radiation therapy, protein loss, lymphoma and other cases.

Immunoglobulin G

The biggest share among all immunoglobulins account for this type - up to 80%. It is responsible for initial and long-term protection from re-infection. This is the only binding globulin, which crosses the placenta and provides protection of the child from infections ported mother. This "insurance" is enough for a few months.

There are several subtypes of IgG, which in-depth study counted to assess the fight against recurrent infections. Reasons for increasing its level similar to other immunoglobulins, as well as a high titer is maintained during the recent recovery.

Remote spleen show globulin deficiency of this type, among other reasons for the decline leukemia, chronic viral infection and other diseases.

There are many factors that influence the decreased level of IgG, they should be to tell the immunologist in detail:

• renal failure;
• Crohn's disease;
• exposure;
• a recent vaccination;
• severe emotional or physical stress, and others.

ige

product production of B-lymphocytes, appear as an allergic reaction or response to parasites, producing antigens (roundworm, hookworm, tapeworm, etc.).

Accordingly, the reasons for the increased titer are atopic or anaphylactic allergic reactions, some immunological disease or parasitic infestation. In recognition of allergy in some cases, appropriate determination of specific IgE to the individual allergens.

The causes of false results

This study, in some cases, it may show incorrect values. Besides violating the prescribed regime before blood donation, important details of Dr. conversation with the patient to eliminate the factors that influence the test results. It is necessary to tell all the details about the transferred in the last six months, diseases, vaccinations carried out.

It is also necessary to mention to take the drug, including vitamin and mineral complexes. Information about stress, pregnancy, change of climate, early physical activity or other kind of load are important for assessing the result of an expert.

research prices in Moscow, St. Petersburg, regions

to conduct immunogram Prices vary across the country, and depend not only on the region but also on a set of tests included in the package.

City	Cost of services (in rubles)
Moscow	From 600 to 6870
St. Petersburg	120 to 13775
Krasnodar	From 3525 to 6230
Ufa	From 2640 to 5000
Novosibirsk	From 819 to 5300
Kazan	From 185 to 6730
Khabarovsk	From 2525 to 5890

Drinking immunogram in medicine and society changes over time. Its viewed as a universal diagnostic tool, and came to the conclusion that data decryption is associated with considerable difficulties, caution should be exercised in the interpretation.

This suggests ambiguity of this type of research, and that in this area there is still a many discoveries to help patients fight various diseases and pathological states.

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