Vaccination against polio. What is it, the schedule, the response, the consequences of vaccination complications, contraindications

Vaccinations play an important role in shaping a child's immunity. It occupies a special place polio vaccination, as from this disease there is no cure, leading to full recovery. Polio - it is a disease that causes a disturbance of the functioning of the spinal cord and causes paralysis of the limbs develop.

What is polio

Poliomyelitis develops due to ingestion of poliovirus. Infection occurs by contact with the patient, through the air, objects. Also, the exciter can be in the raw water. Getting into the oral cavity or nasal mucosa, the virus penetrates the intestine, down the bloodstream reaches the brain and spinal cord.

Once in the body, the disease manifests itself immediately, the incubation period may be from 7 to 30 days.

Next, the first symptoms are similar to colds or rotavirus is mild:

• temperature 37.5 seldom 38 degrees;
• coryza with cough;
• pain when swallowing;
• weakness and lack of appetite;
• loose stools and frequent urination.

If the virus is localized in the brain, then there is the stress state of the neck muscles, severe headaches accompanied by vomiting. Reaching the habitat, the virus starts to produce severe toxic substances that are harmful to neurons in the brain. As a result, infringement of the limbs functioning occurs.

If there was a wounded part of the brain responsible for breathing, the child begins to develop asthma, and a high probability of death.

Symptomatology disappears after the destruction of the virus, the treatment takes up to 10 days. The consequence of the disease is paralysis, which is incurable, the child is disabled. Development of the disease are more prone to children from 10 months to 5 years. In adults, polio is rare.

Destroy the pathogen in the room by using antiseptic agents, drying or UV irradiation. When boiled in water pathogen is killed. In the body, the virus is not exposed to gastric juices, antibiotics.

The complex therapy selects specialist treatment takes place in an isolated room, as polio is highly infectious disease. Prediction of treatment will depend on where the virus was located, and when therapy was initiated.

Why do vaccinations against polio?

Vaccination against polio - it is the body's means of protection against the pathogen. As a result of vaccination immunity in the child and the adult opposes a virus and does not develop the disease.

Why is vaccination against poliomyelitis:

• and tenacious virus is easily transmitted from an infected person to a healthy,
• disease cured, but still severe complications in the form of paralysis that are incurable;
• Polio symptoms are similar to colds and intestinal infection, so do not immediately recognize. At the time of diagnosis in the body has come irreversible consequences;
• during the incubation period with no symptoms and can be infected by a healthy person at first sight.

child's body can not resist the pathogen, the vaccine prevents development of the disease, especially its complications. If you do not produce the grafting, then because of the ease of infection and the similarity of the symptoms with the common cold, the epidemic could quickly develop.

Contraindications to Immunization

Before vaccination pediatrician examines child on contraindications, they depend on how the vaccine is selected. If present vaccination date is postponed or canceled.

When oral vaccination is prohibited:

1. When a child's immune system is greatly weakened or virtually non-existent.
2. During the period of illness.
3. Intolerance and allergic reaction to the constituent components (in this case, you can pick up a foreign counterpart, but then the procedure will be paid).
4. Prohibited vaccination for pregnant women and nursing mothers because of the risk of complications in children.
5. Teething period.
6. The development of ulcers and of other diseases in the oral cavity.
7. The presence of tumor processes.
8. If there is a chronic disease in any form of their expression.
9. That a child has HIV or AIDS.

When disabled inactivated vaccination:

1. It can not be pregnant or lactating because of the risk of harm to the child.
2. Neurological disease.
3. Drug intolerance or allergic reaction.
4. The presence of skin rash at the site of the injection.
5. Colds and other diseases accompanied by increased temperature.

When the reason for non-vaccination were disease, depending on the severity of the disease, vaccination may be carried out 7-30 days after recovery. Parents can opt out of vaccination if the child suffered a bad first vaccination with the development of abnormalities in the body (seizures, severe allergies, a temperature rise to critical levels).

Classification and names of vaccines

Vaccination against polio - it is a means which is composed of attenuated or killed viruses. The type of vaccine depends on the quality of the body's defense and the development of side effects.

Types of vaccinations:

1. Oral polio vaccination (OPV). Available in the form of droplets of a reddish color with a bitter-salty taste. Grafting occurs by instilling drops in the mouth. In this case, the expert must get to the root of the tongue or tonsil, so preparation will begin soon act on lymphoid tissue, as well as it helps to avoid regurgitation and not to provoke the child vomiting. The preparation includes live bacteria treated with the 1 st, 2 or 3 types, as well as an antibiotic that helps the body fight the virus. Poliovirus is able to replicate only in the intestine, without damaging the nerve cells. Therefore, the development of the disease is impossible. Vaccination protects against the disease up to 95%. It calculates the dose of pediatric age, the immune system and condition of the child. Incorrect dosage does not allow to develop the full protection of the body from disease. In the absence of immunity in the case of 1 in 100,000 may develop polio. The drug is available only in Russian and has no analogues.
2. Inactivated polio vaccination (IPV). Grafting is performed by the injection under the blade, in the hip or shoulder. The preparation includes a killed virus, so this procedure is completely safe. The disease can not develop, but the body develop immunity. But as the causative agent is not viable, then the response will be weak. In this type of vaccination, after contact with the sick with polio, there is a possibility of infection. The preparation may contain 1, 2 or 3 types of poliovirus. This will depend on the development of protection against the disease. Injections can be administered to children with weak immunity.

For injection, the vaccine is used, which contain poliovirus type 3:

• imovaks polio;
• polioriks.

In some cases, vaccinated IPV complex. These vaccinations protect immediately against polio, whooping cough, diphtheria.

Most often, children are assigned the following combined injectable drugs:

• Infanrix;
• Pentaxim;
• Tetrakok.

Pediatrician as a child determines what the vaccine can be delivered. OPV to create a child resistant protection against polio, but has side effects (to be described below). IPV does not harm the child's body, but the effect of injection gives a smaller percentage of protection against the disease.

How the vaccine works?

Vaccination against polio, oral and inactivated after administration into the body, promotes the production of antibodies to poliovirus. This property is used in any vaccination. Thus, a child with the help of grafting, formed a strong immune system. OPV after instillation gets into the digestive tract of the child and for a month in the intestine.

All this time, the body will produce antibodies that provides strong immunity to polio. During this time, the child identifies with the saliva and feces virus that poses a danger to children are not immunized. After vaccination the child can not drink, and eat for 1 hour. Otherwise the reaction to the drug will be reduced.

When IPV dead virus spreads throughout the body via the blood.

In this case the body begins to respond to the pathogen and produces antibodies. But the duration of activation of the immune system is short, therefore, formed a weak defense. After any kind of vaccination is necessary to spend 20-30 minutes in the clinic. Since the vaccine if there allergic reaction or other side effects, medical staff time to provide expert assistance in a timely manner.

Possible reactions to vaccination using OPV:

• temperature increases by 4-13 days after vaccination to 38.2 degrees. If the temperature rises above, and the child's condition worsens, it requires urgent medical assistance;
• on 1st and 2nd day of the chair becomes more likely to 3rd day starting normalized;
• allergic reaction, if any, that develops within 30 minutes after inoculation;
• in rare cases, fixed polio infection. Stand therefore considered to be more dangerous than IPV.

Possible reactions to the vaccine IPV:

• redness at the injection site, inflammation hearth diameter should not exceed 7 cm. otherwise of such a reaction should be reported to the pediatrician;
• raising the temperature to 37.2 degrees over the first two days;
• child may become restless and refuse to eat;
• in rare cases of complications of an allergic reaction, in this case it is necessary to consult a pediatrician or call the emergency help.

After vaccination, parents should monitor the status of the child. If large deviations from the norm, it is necessary to call an ambulance. If a family has children or infants, pregnant women, and OPV vaccination was carried out, it is necessary to comply with preventive measures (you can check with the pediatrician).

Safe whether vaccination against polio for children?

When taking into account all contraindications, especially the state of the immune system and the presence of chronic diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, the vaccine does not present any particular risk. If the parents are afraid of OPV vaccination because of the possibility of infection with polio, the first shot is recommended to IPV vaccination.

Then the baby will already have antibodies to poliovirus, and the possibility of developing the disease by OPV is reduced to 0. Subsequent grafting can be done using OPV, for the development of persistent immunity against polio.

IPV is also recommended if the family are not vaccinated children (babies or due to health reasons). Parents the right to choose for yourself what kind of vaccination to make a baby.

In what terms vaccinate? vaccination schedule

Vaccination against polio - it is an event aimed at strengthening immunity against poliovirus. But a single vaccination is not enough for the formation of life-long immunity to the disease.

To fully protect the body recommended combined vaccination and revaccination drugs OPV and IPV. Parents have the right to choose vaccination only in oral way or by injection only.

Charts vaccinations and boosters:

combined vaccine	OPV	IPV
IPV 3 months, repeated inoculation at 1.5 months	Vaccination in 3 months, followed by 2 more times every 1.5 months	Injection is administered every 3 months, then 4.5 and 6 months
OPV 18 months booster vaccination at 2 months and 14 years	Booster dose at 18 months, then after 2 months and 14 years	Booster dose at 18 months and 6 years

Combined vaccination taken to the Russian Federation and is free of charge. If parents want only OPV or IPV, at its own discretion or at the health of the child, then the procedure is done for a fee.

If a child is sick between vaccinations, the timing of their introduction can be shifted. At the big break, vaccination is canceled, are allowed to do only revaccination. When traveling to countries where there is a risk of contracting polio, is a booster for adults and children (kids depending on when the last vaccination was given).

Preparation for vaccination

Grafting efficiency depends entirely on the preparation for her child. In the presence of contraindications, possible complications of vaccination.

Preparation for vaccination:

1. The child should be fully healthy. If there were colds, after it must be at least 14 days.
2. In the presence of chronic diseases, especially of the digestive tract, you must be examined by a specialist supervising the child and to obtain permission for the vaccination.
3. If there are skin disorders or ulcers in the oral cavity, then this is reported pediatrician treatment is selected after the test, and vaccination tolerated.
4. Preferably before the vaccination pass urine and blood, since some disease are asymptomatic and may cause deterioration after grafting.
   
5. 3-5 days before the procedure, you must spend on antihistamines. But you can not pick up drugs on their own, they must designate a pediatrician. In this case, the risk of allergic reactions to minimize. Also, do not enter into the diet of new foods (7 days before vaccination and 14 days after), as they may also trigger the development of allergy.
6. Before putting the child should be examined by a pediatrician vaccination to make sure that the baby is completely healthy.
7. You should not overfeed the baby within 3 days prior to vaccination and on the day of inoculation.
8. After the procedure, the child can not eat and drink for 1 hour. Therefore, before and after the procedure must excessive drinking.

Preparation is the same in every age of the child and required both for vaccination and revaccination with. If a child has particular development, the preparation for the vaccination schedule and check with the pediatrician. You can not do their own in private clinics.

How do children vaccinated?

Vaccination against poliomielita- it is a tool to help save the child from the risk of infection and the development of complications of the disease. Depending on the choice of the drug changes the way the vaccination.

Grafting with OPV

A small child my mother on her knees and head registers. The specialist must drip drops of 4 at the root of the tongue or tonsils. In this case, the vaccine has no effect on the receptors of the mouth and will not abundant saliva, as well as reduced risk of rapid ingestion. Otherwise, under the influence of OPV enzyme loses its effectiveness.

Also at these places the vaccine just gets in the lymphoid tissue, which ensures the effectiveness of vaccinations.

If burying baby regurgitates the vaccine, it is necessary to repeat procedures. If the drug comes out again, then grafting transferred to 45 days. For ease of instillation and to avoid overdose, the drug is instilled with a syringe, pipette. If you accidentally dripped over the vaccine, the gain side effects were noted.

Grafting with IPV

Before the injection the skin is processed disinfectant. Children up to 1.5 years (if the child is small and thin, up to 3 years of age) vaccinated put in the thigh area. The child did not prevent the introduction of the drug, it is placed on his mother's lap, face down, and mom legs clamped between his knees. In this case, the child's risk of injury during administration of the drug is minimal.

At the age of injection is injected under the scapula or shoulder. Available product in disposable syringes, which should be kept in the refrigerator. Before applying them to thaw. Shelf life of thawed injection of up to 6 months. IPV is more popular, not only because of the security.

When vaccination is measured the exact dosage (risk of introducing more products is not possible), the drug does not fall into the digestive tract and does not irritate him, as well as longer It kept that OPV.

Possible side reactions

If the child has not been fully trained, or at the time of vaccination had begun to develop cold, or just a severely weakened immune system, the adverse reactions were observed in rare cases a drug. Depending on the type of symptoms are different.

Development of adverse reactions when OPV:

• raising the temperature to 37,5-38,2. If the figure is higher, then it is a complication after vaccination. It is necessary to monitor the condition of the child and with the appearance of other symptoms (fatigue, runny nose, cramps) to call an ambulance. Improvement is observed only from 4 to 13-th day and lasts no longer than 48 hours;
• changes in the stool, it becomes liquid, and frequent, but recovered after 72 hours;
• development of allergic reactions (rash, respiration failure). If they are expressed in the acute form, then began to develop a complication, antihistamines can not help, need immediate professional help;
• nausea with vomiting accompaniment, but only in the first 24 hours.

Possible changes after IP:

• at the site of injection may redness, appearance of puffiness. If the evening inflammatory foci increases, an urgent need to go to the hospital;
• the temperature can not rise above 37.2. The next day she goes;
  
• child may become restless, touch the injection site (which should not be given to children to do);
• possible refusal to eat in the first 48 hours because of sickness;
• It may appear a temporary glitch in breathing and swelling (occurs when a severe allergic reaction, you need to call an ambulance straight away);
• Sometimes there is a rash on the skin accompanied by itching.

These adverse reactions manifested in moderation should not cause panic among parents. Usually their duration does not exceed 48 hours.

But if it lasts more than 4 days and to the existing adverse reactions are added:

• complete apathy of the child;
• appearance limb spasms;
• Respiratory failure in the process;
• the swelling of hands, feet and face;
• temperature above 39;
• strong, unbearable itching.

These symptoms may be caused by intolerance to the drug or to be polio development signals needed emergency aid, until complications have begun to develop.

Vaccination against polio protects the baby from illness and complications (and dangerous than the disease, since they are not cured). It is important to properly prepare for the vaccination. Check the child for the presence of contraindications, which interrupts the effectiveness of vaccinations. This method of protection against illness is most effective.

Author of the article: Svetlana Kotlyachkova

Registration of the article: Lozinski Oleg

Video of vaccination against polio

What it is polio and what is vaccination: