Leptospirosis fever or aqueous-Weyl Vasileva called acute infectious disease which is transmitted from the animals.
Leptospirosis is manifested intoxication, pronounced muscle pain and kidney damage. Also it affects the nervous system, liver and blood vessels. Chance of jaundice.
Causes
The main causes of the disease are parasitic microorganisms - leptospira. Parasitic leptospira live in water and with an aqueous medium is especially related infection. There are about thirty of pathogenic Leptospira forms that are prevalent in a particular area and climate.
Leptospira crimped has a thin body length of 300 nm, due to which the parasites are not visible to the naked eye. They are active and moving, the destruction can release a particular toxin. They can be attached to the walls of blood vessels, blood cells.
Parasites resistant to low temperatures, excellent live in water, in soil, on food products. Leptospira killed by boiling, ultraviolet irradiation, in the processing of disinfectants.
Distribution and transmission routes
Leptospirosis may occur everywhere except Antarctica, the most common disease in the tropics. infection source - wild and domestic animals, rodents, dogs, cows and pigs. Sick people are not infectious to others.
Infected person to the skin and mucous membranes when they contact with contaminated water, when in contact with soil, cattle at slaughter, cutting meat, raw products used - milk and meat. The disease has a professional character, people suffer agricultural occupations. disease peaks in August.
Leptospira through the skin's micro-defects are introduced into the body through the lymphatic way it enters the body and spreads to the spleen and liver, kidneys and lungs, the nervous system. There, microorganisms multiply and piling up. incubation period and accumulation Leptospira lasts from one to two weeks.
symptoms of leptospirosis
Leptospirosis may occur with varying degrees of severity.
Disease begins acutely - there is fever with chills, insomnia, headache and thirst.
Patients concerned about pain in the muscles, especially in the calves, thighs and lower back, which prevent normal motion.
The face and neck are red, swells, giving the 'hood a symptom of "whites of the eyes turn red, there is a feeling of sand in the eyes.
Fever lasted up to 5 days or more and then sharply decreases, but there may be repeated 1-2 fever peak.
In severe leptospirosis occur jaundice with yellowing of the sclera and the skin may be a skin rash on the type of measles or rubella, scarlet less. The rash tends to merge, may go into hemorrhagic elements - bleeding in the skin, sclera and mucous bleeding.
When leptospirosis marked the defeat of the heart with decreasing pressure and bradycardia, myocardial damage with up to myocarditis. Also there nasopharyngitis, pneumoniaSharply increased liver and spleen - they are painful on palpation. Often attacks the nervous system with the development of meningeal symptoms, signs of serous encephalitis, although sometimes can be purulent encephalitis.
Many patients with leptospirosis kidney damage - dramatically reduces the amount of urine in it much protein, Cylinders and epithelial cells - this indicates severe kidney disease.
Filtration function of the kidneys is disrupted with a change in the level of urea and creatinine, Residual nitrogen. Severe course of leptospirosis gives signs of toxicity with uremia, ulcerative lesions of the intestine, pericarditis, Convulsions and disorders of consciousness up to coma. Patients die mainly from acute renal failure.
Diagnostics
The basis of the diagnosis - an indication of the profession and the season, as well as the contact with the animals, epidemiological trouble for leptospirosis in the region. Also indicate the disease may typical symptoms, but jaundice leptospirosis is difficult to distinguish from viral hepatitis.
The diagnosis is confirmed by laboratory tests - blood tests due to leukocytosis neutrophil accelerated ESR, typical changes in urine protein and the cylinder, increasing the amount of residual nitrogen and bilirubin.
However, the final diagnosis is based on specific methods - detect the pathogen in the biological fluids or detect antibodies to Leptospira growth. Microscopy and culture just prior to use antibiotics.
Common serological methods for detection of parasites in the blood serum, they spend twice - at 5-7 days, and then a week later. Antibody titer increases to 1:20 or higher.
leptospirosis treatment
Leptospirosis is an infectious diseases doctor treated. Leptospira are sensitive to antibiotics and specific immunoglobulins.
The basis of treatment is penicillin or their intolerance - tetracyclines. They are especially effective in high doses before the 4th day of illness. Drugs administered orally, intramuscularly less, with a strong toxicosis in combination with hormonal therapy.
Effective immunoglobulin protivoleptospirny, it is administered in the circuit with the 1st to the 3rd day, after conducting tests.
Apply complex vitamins and symptomatic treatment. If there are complications - hospitalization in a hospital intensive care unit with carrying out the treatment of complications.
complications
Complications of leptospirosis can be caused both by Leptospira and grew stratifying secondary bacterial infection. The former include the meningitis, encephalitis, Polyneuritis. C. laminating a secondary infection associated pneumonia, otitis, Pielity, mumps.
Complications that occur only in children include high blood pressure, cholecystitis, pancreatitis. The combination of such manifestations as myocarditis, gallbladder edema, rash, redness and swelling palms and soles followed by desquamation of the skin, fit into the picture of Kawasaki syndrome (disease Kawasaki). In recent years, the complications were observed more frequently.
Forecasts for the treatment of
On average, the treatment of leptospirosis lasts 2-3 weeks. The outcomes of the disease depend on the severity of the process. With the development of jaundice is not the most favorable prognosis, mortality can reach 40% especially in the elderly.
In terms of the risk of infection rodents carrier, people with leptospirosis to not infect others.
In an unfavorable epidemiological situation vaccinate people, especially those involved in agriculture.
