When inflamed bronchial mucosa, we speak of bronchitis.
There are acute and downstream chronic bronchitis.
About speak acute disease process, when it lasts no more than 3 weeks.
If the patient within 3 months for at least 2 years plagued by bouts of coughing, this indicates chronic bronchitis.
Acute bronchitis always arises against colds, while chronic bronchitis can either be the result of undertreated acute bronchitis or arises immediately, independently, on a background of long-acting provoking factors.
Causes
The cause of bronchitis, especially acute, often are infectious agents. It can be viruses (adenovirus, parainfluenza, flu and others), bacteria (pneumococci, staphylococci), And atypical pathogens, which include chlamydia and mycoplasma. In some cases the bronchitis is caused by fungi.
Bronchitis Predisposing factors include the following:
- smoking;
- alcohol abuse;
- occupational hazard (inhalation of toxic fumes and dust);
- hypothermia;
- air pollution, especially in large cities;
- climatic conditions (cold areas);
- chronic pathology of the upper airways;
- deformed thorax.
Kinds
Acute bronchitis is divided into infectious and non-infectious. Also distinguish between acute bronchitis and allergic nature unspecified.
Chronic bronchitis can be either primary (independent disease) and secondary, if there are problems in the respiratory system.
The presence or absence of bronchospastic component, chronic obstructive bronchitis is divided into (hinders breathing) and obstructive.
By sputum chronic bronchitis may be catarrhal, purulent, haemorrhagic and fibrinous.
Both acute and chronic bronchitis, depending on the level of the affected bronchi divided into proximal (if involved major bronchi) and a distal, when involved in the process of the bronchioles (bronchiolitis).
According to the severity of bronchitis can be light, moderate and severe.
symptoms of bronchitis
Acute bronchitis
The disease usually begins acutely as a complication of SARS, with temperature rise to febrile digits (38-39 ° C), weakness, weakness, fatigue.
Patients concerned about excessive sweating, and, of course, cough. At the beginning of the disease the cough is dry, "barking" and very tiring patient. Over the surface of the lungs auscultated scattered dry rales and hard breathing. When percussion is marked seal sound.
Soon it begins to separate sputum and cough becomes wet. The lungs are heard crackles, breathing softened. In severe cases there is shortness of breath.
Chronical bronchitis
Chronic bronchitis develops against the background of standing irritants or as a complication of acute bronchitis.
Accompanied by chronic bronchitis cough, sputum production and shortness of breath. At the beginning of the process sputum separated only in the morning (accumulates in the bronchi in the horizontal position), then its volume is increased and can reach 150 ml per day.
Sputum can be transparent, purulent or mixed with blood. The cough is usually dry and exhausts the patient.
Dyspnea early in the disease arises only during exercise, with progression dyspnea process disturbs the patient at rest. The lungs are heard whistling dry rales.
Patients are often in chronic bronchitis there is increased sweating at night, the so-called symptom of "wet bag".
Diagnostics
Differential diagnosis of acute bronchitis should be carried out with diseases of the upper respiratory tract (trachea, laryngitis, pharyngitis). Differential diagnosis of chronic bronchitis is performed pneumonia, bronchiectasis, Lung cancer.
In diagnostics bronchitis obligatory auscultation of lungs (auscultation), which is set based on the presence and nature of wheezing.
Also shown is a swab of throat and nose and on the microflora with sputum binding determination sensitivity seeded pathogens to antibiotics.
Appointed by chest X-ray, during which the gain is determined bronchopulmonary drawing.
In chronic bronchitis shown bronchoscopy (Inspection inside bronchi).
bronchitis treatment
bronchitis treatment performed by a doctor, pulmonologist, and for the lack of it - therapist.
Antibiotics for bronchitis
During exacerbation of chronic bronchitis and acute in the case of antibiotics of different groups are assigned.
It can be:
- cephalosporins (ceftriaxone kefzol)
- macrolides (Sumamed, azithromycin),
- tetracyclines (doxycycline), and others.
The form of administration of antibiotics depends upon the degree of disease severity. In mild bronchitis, they are administered orally, with moderate and severe injection. The patient must stay in bed and rich alkaline water. Food should be easily digestible and fortified. inhalation with herbs are also prescribed.
To facilitate sputum discharge and mitigating cough shows libeksin bromhexine, mukaltin. In the case of aminophylline tablets are assigned dyspnea and teopek or aerosols (salbutamol berotek).
Consequences and outlook
Acute bronchitis may be complicated by pneumonia, become chronic or bronchial asthma. The prognosis of acute disease favorable.
In chronic bronchitis, the progression of the disease can develop emphysema, bronchiectasis, cardiopulmonary insufficiency. Ignoring manifestations, and without appropriate treatment prognosis in chronic bronchitis unfavorable.
