anemia classification may be made in origin and severity but most often used as providers of feature color index. It reflects hemoglobin in erythrocyte 1 and normally is 0.8-1.1.
The concept of anemia
Anemia called reduction of hemoglobin per unit volume of blood, or in its total amount. Reduced concentration may be caused by an increase in the liquid portion of the blood in its total amount (e.g., during pregnancy), but the content of the oxygen-carrying protein in each erythrocyte remained in the normal range. Not decreased and the number of red blood cells themselves, so this state is called psevdoanemiey.
Anemia is characterized by a decrease in color index or decrease the number of blood cells in the blood volume. For definitions and classifications use the term syndrome of hemoglobin threshold: when the protein concentration is below normal blood condition characterized as anemia. Average content for different ages shown in the table:
| Age and sex | Normal hemoglobin (g / l) | Normal hemoglobin (in%) |
| Children from 3 months to 5 years | 110 | 11,0 |
| 5-12 years | 115 | 11,5 |
| 12-15 years | 120 | 12,0 |
| Men (15+) | 130-160 | 13,0-16,0 |
| Women (non-pregnant) | 120-140 | 12,0-14,0 |
| pregnant women | 110 | 11,0 |
A color indicator distinguish 3 groups of blood pathologies:
- hypochromic (CPU below 0.8) - thalassemia and Iron-deficiency anemia;
- normochromic (CPU within the normal range, but reduced the number of erythrocytes) - hemolytic due to blood loss, aplastic etc .;
- hyperchromic (CPU above 1.1) - Vitamin B12-deficiency, folic acid.
iron
Classification of anemia called iron deficiency anemia hypochromic. With a shortage of dietary iron ions in humans disturbed hemoglobin synthesis - oxygen-carrying protein. The causes of iron deficiency anemia may also be:
- congenital anomaly;
- violation of assimilation of the mineral;
- blood loss;
- pregnancy;
- periods of accelerated growth of the child;
- inflammatory diseases and chronic infections, tumors.
The initial degree of iron deficiency do not have pronounced symptoms, and IDA is its last stage. In this case, the patient develops symptoms that happen at an anemia of any origin:
- weakness and fatigue;
- drowsiness;
- distracted attention;
- Headaches after exertion;
- dizzy spells, sometimes loss of consciousness;
- pale skin, brittle hair and nails, early gray hair.
In the analysis of the blood was different CPU, the shape and size of red blood cells in one person.
For treatment prescribed oral iron. The appointment should the doctor do: the reception is held for a long time and in small doses. balanced diet is recommended for the prevention of iron deficiency, and during periods of increased demand iron - receiving prophylactic dose preparations containing mineral (Sorbifer durules, Aktiferrin, and Maltofer etc.).
B12 deficiency anemia
Anemia is caused by lack of vitamin B12 and. Its deficiency are sensitive not only to the nervous system, but also bone marrow, which is the formation of red blood cells. In this case, there is a lot of blood megaloblasts immature cells. Because of this feature, defined by a clinical analysis of blood, vitamin B12 deficiency anemia is called megaloblastic.
Lack of vitamin may occur both because of the power imbalance and due to internal reasons, including:
- bowel disease (ileum);
- insufficient production of enzyme required for the absorption of vitamin products (autoimmune disease of the stomach, cancer, poisoning);
- activities belt helminths and pathogenic microorganisms that inhabit the intestine of the patient.
Megaloblastic anemia is included in the types of anemia, in which the CPU increased, but the patient has all the hallmarks of hemoglobin deficiency. In addition, there are also typical symptoms:
- bright red tongue color, smooth and shiny surface of the body;
- ahiliya stomach (lack of enzymes and hydrochloric acid);
- related neurological symptoms and disorders of the nervous system (depression, breakdowns, etc.);
- weight loss for no apparent reason.
Before the appointment of treatment is necessary to conduct a survey to find out the root cause of the appearance of B12-deficiency anemia. Doctor will prescribe a set of measures to address the underlying disease and the introduction of enzymes and vitamins in the correct dosage. In the treatment must be followed and the recommended diet.
folievodefitsitnoy
This kind of anemia, as well as the previous one, due to impaired hematopoiesis, and the formation of immature red blood cells. Pathology develops due to lack of folic acid (vitamin B9). It is often accompanied by iron deficiency anemia and vitamin B12 deficiency syndrome.
The hardest pathology occurs in pregnant women. Manifested not only by its clinical symptoms characteristic of anemia in any classification. Folic acid deficiency syndrome can cause a number of complications and pathologies of the fetus: malformations of the nervous system, heart, placental abruption, early childbirth.
Vitamin deficiency in children may occur due to the use of goat's milk, which folate virtually none. But most often the cause is an unbalanced diet or malabsorption of folate in the intestine (due to infectious or parasitic infection), loss of nutrients during prolonged diarrhea.
Development of deficit status in adults is caused by impaired intestinal absorption due alcoholism, receiving anticonvulsants, contraceptives and barbiturates, as well as pathological Gastrointestinal conditions. Symptoms of folic acid status are different from the symptoms of B12 deficiency anemia:
- no neurological disorders;
- minor violations of the digestive tract;
- developing anorexia.
For the treatment of substitution therapy is used in conjunction with the elimination of the pathology of provoking causes. Require special diets: recommended foods high in folate (beans, asparagus, lettuce, spinach, etc.). Prevention is essential for pregnant state, patients with thalassemia, and hemolytic anemia.
hemolytic
This kind of anemia types are divided on the basis of:
- hereditary diseases (disorders structure blood cells, enzyme deficiency, hemoglobinopathies);
- acquired forms (autoimmune-related cells from mechanical damage, and so toxic.);
- destruction of red blood cells (hemolytic disease of newborn, Idiopatichesvkaya lymphoma).
All types of hemolytic states require complex treatment under the supervision of a doctor, so do not use folk remedies, exacerbating the pathology.
aplastic
In this disease in the bone marrow disrupted the growth and maturation of all types of blood cells (platelets, lymphocytes, erythrocytes and leukocytes). Provoke disease can develop:
- effects of heavy metals, arsenic and hydrocarbons of the benzene series;
- effect of radiation;
- taking medicines (cytostatics, chloramphenicol, Analgin et al.);
- infection;
- autoimmune diseases (lupus erythematosus, etc.).
As with all types of anemia in adults, aplastic anemia is expressed anemic syndrome. In addition, the characteristic of him:
- increased bleeding;
- appearance hemorrhage;
- infectious complications;
- at a blood test reveals tritsitopeniyu, a strong decline in hemoglobin, the increase in ESR.
Classification of the type of anemia conducted under clinical conditions, the treatment can only assign physician. Sometimes the required removal of the spleen or bone marrow transplantation.
