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Bacterial agent of syphilis - treponema pale - got its name due to the fact that the coloring material with special dyes to viewing light microscope can not see. It has the form of thread, twisted into a spiral. Outside the body dies quickly when dry. It is also damaging to the bacteria is high temperature and disinfectants, but the cold is well tolerated.
Infection occurs in a large mass of cases through unprotected sexual intercourse when in open contact are foci of infection. Recently there has been an increase in cases of infection by the oral route. Also, the microorganism can enter directly into blood (transfusion from an infected person used repeatedly syringes for drug addicts) .Neredki cases of infection during pregnancy, the disease is transferred from mother to to kid. Household way of infection is unlikely - pale treponema dies quickly outside the body. However, transmission is possible with prolonged close contact with the patient when the pale treponema of the affected areas to get towels or utensils.
There are also forms of congenital syphilis.
What happens after infection?
After 3-4 weeks in place of the introduction of the pathogen appears chancre - a painless ulcer bright red color, which has a dense base. It heals after some time, that does not mean the death of the infection. On the contrary, at the same time there is an active reproduction of Treponema pallidum and its movement throughout the body through the lymphatic vessels. A sick person may experience headache, fever, malaise, but often the symptoms are almost absent in this period.
Later syphilis manifests itself in small sores on the palms of the hands, a rash on the skin, mucous membranes and soles. If you let the disease take its course, it can flare up and fade, and rash for a few years - that appear and disappear without a trace. A person feels healthy. With the removal of onset quiet intervals become longer. People who are not familiar with the peculiarities of syphilis, even think they fully recover. However, this prosperity is imaginary, since pathogens are already present in all tissues and organs, and they are starting to hit.
Causes
Pathogen Disease - bacterial microorganism, Treponemapallidum (pale treponema). It enters the human body through the microcracks, abrasions, sores, ulcerations, from lymph nodes It enters the general circulation, affects mucosal surfaces, skin, internal organs, nerves system, skeleton. Reproduction fast bacteria, division takes place every 33 hours, on this time interval based treatment of syphilis.
The probability of infection depends on the amount of bacteria caught in the body, that is in regular contact with the patient increase the risks.
Classification
Classification stages of syphilis is based on the method of the first treatment, i.e., this is the stage of the disease, on which the patient first noticed pervyesimptomy syphilis and applied for a medical help.
syphilis:
- Initial gray-negative characterized by the formation of specific lesions - chancre, not painful ulcerations, round shape with defined borders and a recess in the middle. Mainly affects the vulva, but can be located elsewhere on the skin, mucosal surfaces in the internal organs. It appears after 3-6 weeks after infection and disappears after a time interval following occurrence.
- Primary blue-positive - positive seroreaktsii identified.
- Primary hidden proceeds without clinical standard.
- Secondary fresh manifested after 4-10 days after the onset of ulceration, ie, from the beginning of the disease being from 2 to 4 months. Symptoms of syphilis in this habitats - characteristic rash on the skin and mucous surfaces. The patient feels weakness, malaise, headache, fever. Clinical analyzes reveal positive seroreaktsii in human blood, accelerated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, leukocytosis, Anemia, etc. Marked the defeat of the internal organs: digestive system, cardiovascular system, lungs.
- Secondary recurrent. It appears after a period of relative quiet. The first symptoms of syphilis in this step - re-occurrence of rash, merging into continuous foci formation of papules. Each relapse can last up to several months. And in general, this form of the disease manifests itself for up to three years.
- Secondary latent form, at which no marked characteristic symptoms of syphilis, and determine its possible only by means of clinical assays. A patient with a latent form of the disease is highly contagious.
- Tertiary active stage today is extremely rare. It appears in individuals who did not receive treatment, or insufficiently treated. It occurs during the time period from 3 to 10 years after onset (described cases fixation duration up to 60 years after the alleged contact infection!) Characterized by severe internal diseases, the meninges and the nervous system, skeletal bones and joint cartilage. The surface hit by epidermal scar atrophy, peculiar gummas formed. This step can be fatal to the patient.
- Tertiary latent stage occurs latently, without typical clinical manifestations.
- Latent form of the disease is asymptomatic but tests positive for syphilis. Also, this group includes patients whose treatment was started with an unknown form of the disease.
- Early congenital form is transmitted to the fetus in utero, through the blood of the sick mother. Typically, these children are not viable, but if the child survives, he observed numerous violations of all functional systems. These children lag behind in development, weakened and often sick.
- Late congenital stage almost does not manifest itself until 15-16 years, followed by symptoms of tertiary syphilis.
- Hidden congenital, which includes all categories of children ages.
What are the symptoms of syphilis?
Multivariate symptomatic picture of syphilis depends on the nature of the disease, its form. three phases of the disease, determine the symptoms and treatment of syphilis can be identified:
Primary:
The first symptom of the disease is the occurrence chancre, localizing to a greater extent on the genitals or having a different location. Chancre is a dense circular ulcers with a diameter of 20 mm. She does not bleed, no purulent discharge, and is absolutely painless. A week after the appearance of the chancre near the affected area of the patient begins swollen lymph nodes. The complexity of the diagnosis of syphilis at this stage is expressed in the absence of symptoms. In addition, there is a probability of ulcer infection, when there chancre appears puffiness and redness, pus begins. As a result, correct diagnosis may be impeded.
Spontaneous healing ulcerations (chancre) in the next 3-6 weeks.
What priznakiharakterny for secondary forms of the disease:
- Education at 4-10 weeks after the chancre of primary characteristic pale rash, located symmetrically on the body.
- Deterioration of health of the patient - headache, malaise, fever.
- Lymph nodes in the area and outside the affected area increased.
- The characteristic loss of hair ladder or Alopecia areata, which involves the eyebrows, eyelashes, scalp.
- Wide beige warts appear on the skin and mucous surfaces of genitals, in the anus area.
- The repeatability of the pattern of symptoms spaced bursts and absolute attenuation.
What are the symptoms of syphilis tertiary forms:
- Struck by the brain (such as the head and spinal cord), the nervous and cardiovascular systems.
- Amazed bones, joints and internal organs.
- Changed skin with visible scarring.
- There are characteristic granulomas, gums, bumps and lumps.
Diagnostics
Events for the diagnosis of syphilis include the study of history, examination and evaluation of the overall clinical picture, clinical blood tests. The main purpose - to identify which symptoms are observed in the patient and confirm the presence of pathology. All the diagnostic events are divided into two groups: non-treponemal and treponemal.
Non-treponemal tests are carried out at the mass trials, sometimes they can give a false positive result in the absence of disease. Upon receipt of such a response is further administered treponemal assays. It is also used to assess the success of the treatment over time.
Treponemal tests for detection of antibodies that remain in the body permanently cured of syphilis, not They can be used to estimate the efficiency of the treatment, but they can reveal hidden forms disease.
treatment of syphilis
After the procedure, vyyavivshihpervye signs of syphilis, and the diagnosis is assigned adequate medical protocol that can be sufficiently long - from 2-4 months, and in some cases advanced disease - a two years. Depending on the general condition of the patient treatment is carried out in a hospital, outpatient rarely. At all times, until complete recovery, confirmed by clinical tests, sex life is prohibited. In addition, inspection and preventive treatment are all members of the family of the patient.
Antibiotic treatment - the only effective method in the treatment of syphilis, as pale treponema highly sensitive to penicillin drugs which are most effective in the fight against microorganism. Water-soluble penicillins are introduced into the patient's body for 24 days every three hours in a hospital - this is the most effective method.
If there is an allergy to penicillin, antibiotics are prescribed to the patient from a number of cephalosporins or macrolides - tablets or intramuscularly. The active form of the disease are treated under stationary conditions, latent - by outpatient therapy. The duration of treatment is determined by the stage of disease and can reach several years.
Treat syphilis necessary with simultaneous support stamina, which is held by means of immunostimulating complexes, vitamins, etc.
It is important to report the presence of the disease to all sexual partners and persuade them to undergo the necessary study, even in the absence of symptoms - is for diseases does not reduce the risk of complications. If the patient was cured, and his sexual partner - no, it is likely reinfestation.
complications
At different stages of the symptoms and treatment of syphilis may give a picture of multiple complications that caused by disease stage.
For the initial period, characterized by:
- A survey of all pregnant women, delivery of tests for serological tests three times in order to avoid cases of congenital forms of syphilis.
- Required preventive treatment for pregnant women who previously were registered, but were removed from him after the treatment.
- Regular screening for those at risk (drug addicts, prostitutes).
- Should certainly examine all those who had close contact with the patient, necessary - for family members.
- Hospitalization of patients with a positive reaction after treatment - outpatient observation.
Prevention and prognosis for recovery
Syphilis can not be reflected in advance. Against this disease there is no vaccine or other active methods of prevention. It is important to observe the rules of safe sex to give up casual relationships.
Public prevention should be in accordance with the general rules to combat sexually transmitted diseases. Components of such prophylaxis - compulsory registration of all patients, a survey of members of his family and those who were with him in close contact, hospitalization infected and monitor them over the next few months, a permanent control dispensary observation of treatment ill patients.
Forecast for clinical cure syphilis early stages favorable. The earlier the disease is diagnosed and were treated, the prognosis is more favorable.
In the later stages of treatment with the help possible to significantly improve the patient's condition.
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