To protect against deadly diseases require periodic vaccination of adults and children, so vaccination ADSM and ADS are vital as getting into the organism of diphtheria bacillus or bacillus Clostridium can cause serious complications and even death. ADSM and ADS have similar decryption, but are designed for different age categories of vaccination.
The content of the article:
- 1 From what is inoculated ADSM
- 2 deciphering names
- 3 vaccination of children
- 4 Vaccination for pregnant women
- 5 grafting procedure
- 6 Schedule vaccinations
- 7 As tolerated vaccine
- 8 Contraindications to vaccination
- 9 Complications from vaccination ADSM
- 10 Video vaccination ADSM
From what is inoculated ADSM
ADSM allows to stimulate immunity to the production of antibodies against two diseases: tetanus and diphtheria. As part of the vaccine have toxoids - poisons secreted by pathogens that are processed in special immunological laboratories.
This training allows the toxins to remove their negative effects on the body, but keep annoying agents, which stimulate the immune system.
Tetanus and diphtheria are deadly. In the absence of timely medical assistance in 90% of patients die.
1. Tetanus.
The causative agent of the disease - a wand tetanus, or bacteria clostridia tetrani. This organism lives in the intestines of each person and has no negative effect.
Hazards are free rod, which enters the body only through its direct contact with affected tissues deprived of oxygen. Such injuries are deep wounds or punctures.
The bacterium in the absence of oxygen begins to multiply and produce a toxin specific - tetanospazmin that with blood enters the brain and spinal cord. It causes severe cramps and contraction of the neck muscles, back and face, as well as periodic cramps.
A distinctive feature of tetanus - spasmodic condition lasts continuously until recovery or death of the patient, causing severe pain.
Wherein:
- back and neck as much as possible back bend;
- all twisted limbs and fingers fully or partially folded;
- there is a strong tone of the masticatory and facial muscles;
- the abdominal muscles are reduced, making the stomach area "stone."
Tetanus can cause cardiac arrest or respiratory arrest due to a risk of paralysis of all muscles. Full recovery in the provision of timely assistance comes only after 2-3 months, during this period may develop the following complications:
- pneumonia;
- bronchitis;
- fractures;
- ruptures of muscles;
- pulmonary edema;
- heart attack;
- thrombosis of the great veins;
- tachycardia;
- paralysis.
The disease has several classifications:
| Classification | The name and description of the pathology. |
| infection method | traumatic:
|
| Localization |
|
| Course of the disease |
|
2. Diphtheria.
ADSM vaccination, transcript which indicates the type of toxin, and helps to develop immunity against the disease. The disease is deadly for adults and children. It is the causative agent of diphtheria bacillus or bacterium Loeffler, which allocates exotoxin.
The disease affects:
- trachea;
- larynx;
- mouth;
- nose;
- eyes.
In this bacterium causes swelling, clogging, or tissue necrosis.
Infection occurs in several ways:
- household;
- droplets;
- when receiving contaminated food.
The disease has several classifications:
| Classification | Description |
| Over the affected area |
|
| According to the form of the disease |
|
Among the complications of diseases distinguished:
- paralysis;
- myocarditis;
- asphyxia.
Diphtheria Treatment is carried out strictly in a hospital and is held during the week. The rehabilitation period depends on the severity of the disease and lasts at least one month.
deciphering names
ADSM abbreviation stands for:
- "A": the type of toxin - adsorbed or toxoid.
- "D": a kind of stimulus - diphtheria.
- "C": a kind of stimulus - tetanus.
The letter "M" at the end of the name is a reduced amount of foreign agents that ensures that no direct influence on the organism poisons. The vaccine composition contains a total of 5 units detoxified tetanus toxin and diphtheria bacillus, and preservatives: formaldehyde and aluminum hydroxide.
The vaccine is an analogue of the DTP, but differs from it in the absence of poisons pertussis bacillus, bacteria or Bordet-jong. ADSM further characterized lighter tolerated by patients, since it contains 6 times less toxoid units.
It is used to launch an existing immune response when it becomes weaker, and also to replace DTP acute reactions person to pertussis toxin.
ADSM vaccination (transcript of adults and children including an indication of the number of foreign agents) is divalent. Its direct analogues are one component of AD and AC, which contain in their composition is only one type of toxoid: diphtheria or tetanus.
The vaccine ADSM preferable monovalent counterparts because:
- purification and processing of multiple components is carried out more carefully and better ensures that a minimal set of side effects;
- any additional substances vaccines can be quite harmful, so the introduction of only one multi-component agent has minimal negative effects on the body.
- reduction of psychological stress, as one injection easier to move than a few.
There is another kind of vaccine against tetanus and diphtheria bacilli - ADS. Unlike ADSM concentration irritating agents therein above 3 times. Such inoculation is adults or children in the absence of the primary vaccination at an early age, or for the urgent production human antibodies after the necessary contact with a carrier of bacteria.
vaccination of children
Grafting is done ADSM children after 4 years according to individual immunization schedule. Before this age are injected trivalent DTP vaccine. This is due to the fact that whooping cough is deadly only for young children. It develops quickly and can lead to respiratory arrest. Whooping cough in children older than 4 passes without complications and does not lead to death.
With timely immunization of DPT vaccine in older age retains a strong immune response to the pertussis toxin. Therefore, to carry out their revaccination is not necessary. Further immunizations were grafted ADSM. There are situations when children have too sharp a reaction to the pertussis component of the DTP. In this case, replace the pediatricians vaccine ADSM.
ADSM urgently to introduce a child up to 4 years must also be in contact with infected people diphtheria.
It should be noted that this vaccine is tolerated in children lighter than its trivalent analog, but it also requires special training. Since children are more a weak immune system is necessary for the 5 days prior to inoculation to follow a few rules:
- reduce the number of contacts with other children;
- do not introduce new products in the diet;
- avoid overcooling of the child;
- not to swim;
- taking antihistamines.
Compliance with these rules will prevent colds and viral diseases, which will be the reason for the transfer of immunization dates and offset the entire schedule of vaccinations.
Vaccination for pregnant women
Statutory acts of the Ministry of Health contains several provisions relating to the vaccination of pregnant women. They indicated that the vaccine ADSM is a direct contraindication. Vaccinated allowed at least 3 months prior to the planned conception.
Vaccination should be carried out after childbirth and breastfeeding. If a woman is to be vaccinated ADSM, and then found out about the pregnancy, her need to artificially interrupt no. It should be said obstetrician-gynecologist of the vaccination to spend more carefully screening test for the early detection of malformations.
ADSM inoculation during gestation can result in:
- in the early stages: a spontaneous abortion;
- in late pregnancy: fetal death and developing pregnancy.
It should be noted that these situations are quite rare, and the outcome of immunization depends on the condition of the woman.
grafting procedure
ADSM vaccination (transcript of adults and children including an indication of the type of stimulus) is done according to certain rules. To activate the protective reaction of the body and the preservation of immune memory toxoids should slowly flow into the blood. To do this, put only vaccinated intramuscularly.
Vaccination is carried out under sterile conditions using disposable syringes and medical gloves. Before the start of the immunization procedure, the health worker checks the vial for any chips or cracks and the expiration date. The vaccine is produced in two forms: ampoules and multi-dose syringes containing a unit dose.
The procedure is as follows:
- Ampoule or syringe thoroughly agitated.
- When using multi-dose vials of the drug, into a disposable sterile syringe dial the required number.
- Injection site is treated with an antiseptic solution.
- Make intramuscular injection.
- Injection site is treated with antiseptic and put a sterile gauze or cotton.
- After 1-2 min. them clean.
Injection site is selected depending on the patient's age and his size:
- Young children make a shot in the thigh, as the muscles are not well developed in other parts of the body.
- In teens and adults the vaccine is administered in the shoulder.
- If there is too much fat layer on your hands, vaccinated are allowed to put under the shoulder blade.
It should be noted that the strictly forbidden to make a shot in the buttocksSince high probability of hitting the vaccine into the subcutaneous layer of fat from toxoids do not fall in a sufficient amount into the blood. Thus immunization efficiency decreases almost 92%.
Dosage for adults and children, and the same is One-half of the drug. It should also be noted that the administration of several vaccines with ADSM permitted. The only exception is BCG.
Schedule vaccinations
Immunization schedule depends on the age of patients:
1. Children.
Time of vaccination of children is dependent on the last DTP vaccination. With timely immunization diphtheria-tetanus vaccine is made between:
- From 4 to 6 years: the second booster without pertussis toxoid;
- From 14 to 16 years: third revaccination without pertussis toxoid.
In the case where a pertussis component causes acute reactions, DTP vaccine, in agreement with the pediatrician, and replaced on the ADSM vaccinate on another plane 3, 4.5, 6, 18 months.
2. Adults.
Revaccination against diphtheria and tetanus is held every 10 years on a particular schedule:
- from 24 to 26 years;
- from 34 to 36 years;
- from 44 to 46 years;
- from 54 to 56 years;
- from 64 to 66 years;
- from 74 to 76 years;
- from 84 to 86 years.
Vaccinated recommended throughout life.
In the case where a person is not vaccinated, immunization is carried out three times:
- one injection;
- 1 month later the second;
- six months later the last vaccination.
Further, vaccination is carried out every 10 years. Omitting a patient revaccination give an injection 2 times a difference of 30 days.
As tolerated vaccine
ADSM vaccination (transcript of adults and children indicates a low dose) refers to an easily portable and should not have any negative consequences. Problems that occur after vaccination, do not refer to the fact of vaccination, and the neglect of contraindications. Children prior to immunization should be examined by a pediatrician, who, after a thorough inspection gives the vaccine allow or tolerate it.
In adults and children after 14 years of any adverse reactions associated with pre-existing conditions, during or after which the vaccination.
Normal reactions are:
- temporary loss of appetite;
- vomiting and capriciousness in young children;
- diarrhea;
- weakness;
- swelling in the injection site;
- loss of sensation of the skin;
- slight retardation;
- limb pain;
- allergic rashes on the skin.
When the temperature is raised should take antipyretics, and in allergic reactions - antihistamines.
Contraindications to vaccination
ADSM vaccination (transcript of adults and children is the same) has a number of contraindications:
- unconfirmed HIV;
- during gestation and lactation;
- hypersensitivity to vaccine components;
- lupus;
- acute phase of any disease;
- aggravate chronic inflammation;
- acute reaction to the first vaccination;
- atherosclerosis;
- thrombosis of the great veins;
- stroke;
- post-infarction state;
- presence of allergic rashes;
- hypertension.
Before immunization, adults need to see a therapist, and the children - pediatrician. The doctor has to measure body temperature, check the throat and lungs, as any minor deviations can cause serious complications. Children under 1 year prior to vaccination is necessary to take a common blood test.
Complications from vaccination ADSM
Cases of serious complications is practically not recorded after the vaccination ADSM. After vaccination, they occur only 0.00003% of cases. It is approximately 1 in 35 thousand. person. Most often serious consequences arise from the hidden pathologies or improper attitude to their own health, as many people refuse to undergo medical examinations by age.
Serious complications include:
- severe skin rash that does not pass for a few hours after ingestion of antiallergic agents;
- temperature of 39 ° C and higher than 1 day;
- the appearance of symptoms of encephalitis;
- meningitis;
- anaphylactic shock;
- Angioedema.
Death from complications is possible only if the wrong treatment of the disease, methods of self-treatment.
According to statistics from the World Health Organization, deaths after ADSM vaccination in adults and children for 2015-2017 was It has not been fixed.
Timely vaccination allows you to maintain a strong immune system in children and adults against diphtheria and tetanus. Unlike DPT vaccination ADSM is a small dose of toxoid and decoding no "whooping cough," so it is transferred very easily, and in the absence of contraindications practically does not cause side effects or complications.
Author: Anna Shalunova
Registration of the article: Mila Friedan
Video vaccination ADSM
vaccination rules, schedule and vaccination complications ADSM:
