Macrolides antibiotics. List of the new generation of drugs for children, pregnant women, adults

Currently, macrolides antibiotics are considered the most safe and effective in the treatment of various diseases of internal organs.

List of the most effective drugs is quite long, so a specialist can give each patient the best remedy for the relief of the inflammatory process and the elimination of symptoms. To medicines brought only benefit, you must know the rules of admission and possible contraindications.

General information about the macrolide

Macrolides are a group of natural products and semi-synthetic origin, which consists essentially of antibacterial agents. The first drug of this group was received by American scientists in 1952 of soil actinomycetes was called erythromycin.

This antibiotic and is now used by specialists in the treatment of patients. Until the early 70-ies. Macrolides are not widely spread, but it is in these years being actively used in the treatment of adults and children.

After obtaining impressive results within a few days of use, doctors began to develop new products of this group, which would possess less side reactions, but has a marked therapeutic the effect.

In 1996 It opened a new subgroup of macrolide drugs which had even more effective against resistant microbes. Today, antibiotics are widely used in therapy, are available in different dosages and dosage forms, and are also suitable for the treatment of children of different ages, pregnant women.

Mechanism of action

Macrolides antibiotics (drug list is quite long), in most cases, have bacteriostatic properties. This means that the drugs suppress the activity of pathogenic microorganisms, and slow in their metabolic processes. This effect leads to the progressive weakening and death of bacterial disease symptoms.

However, some drugs from the group have a bactericidal effect, that is, break the functioning pathogenic cells, destroy its membrane, which will certainly provoke rapid death of the whole colony.

The bactericidal action is considered to be more effective against resistant microbes, but the most preferred embodiment is a combination of 2 action against pathogens.

Macrolides effectively fight various microorganisms:

• Gram-negative bacteria.
• Gram-positive cocci.
• Chlamydia.
• Legionella.
• Mycoplasma.
• Helicobacter pylori.

List of microorganisms, which can fight a group of antibiotics is quite long, so you can use them in different pathologies. Scope of macrolides is quite broad. Drugs in this group are used in surgery and therapy, as well as neurology and gastroenterology.

Often, medications are indicated for diseases of the lungs, so the pulmonologists believe their most effective. In Dermatology and Venereology prescribed macrolides. A wide range of effects makes it possible to use antibiotics in all areas of medicine that makes them versatile and irreplaceable in many cases.

testimony

Antibiotic macrolides used for the treatment of inflammatory diseases of bacterial origin. List of drugs in this group allows you to select the most appropriate medication.

The main indications for use:

• Chlamydia and ureaplasmosis men, women.
• Coleitis, vaginitis bacterial origin.
• Dysmenorrhea varying severity.
• Pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis, renal insufficiency with inflammation symptoms.
• Cystitis and urethritis, growing sharply and is accompanied by complications of the genitourinary system.
• Arthritis and arthrosis, accompanied by signs of inflammation in the articular joint.
• Gout is an acute form.
• Gastritis, Helicobacter pylori activity triggered by the lesion, and the bacterium of the stomach wall.
• Pathology gallbladder and liver, developing complications.
• Infectious diseases of the digestive tract.
• Syphilis in the initial stage.
• Bronchitis, acute and chronic forms.
• Pneumonia at a different stage.
• Meningitis, encephalitis.
• Paraproctitis, proctitis initial and advanced stages.
• Skin diseases occurring with the formation of ulcers.
• Infected wounds in which there is a threat of blood poisoning.
• Sepsis in the initial stage and during the development of complications.
• Toxoplasmosis.
• Whooping cough.

By the indications for use include the complicated post-natal period, when there is a risk of sepsis. In addition, macrolides prescribed after surgery on the digestive system, dilatation and curettage of the uterus for the purpose of prevention of complications.

Application and use children

To date, macrolides are considered to be the most effective antibiotic for the treatment of children of different ages. They help to quickly arrest the severity of symptoms. However, there are limitations to the use of which should be considered. For example, azithromycin-based drugs, not prescribed to patients under 16 years, if we are talking about an infusion form.

Capsules and tablets are not used in the treatment of children under 12 years, as they contain aggressive additional components which may provoke complications. In addition, agents are contraindicated in severe renal failure in young children. This is due to the inability of the kidneys to output the decay products of the active components after the provision of therapeutic effects.

Many suspensions based on azithromycin contraindicated in babies under 6 months, that creates some difficulties in the selection of the drug. The only means that can be used in solution form, is erythromycin. Because the drug is considered to be a naturally occurring antibiotic, it is relatively safe and less likely to provoke negative reactions.

When administered intravenously, the drug the child is only in rare cases may develop toxic hepatitis.

Macrolides antibiotics (list of drugs is increasing every year), in most cases, prescribe, taking into account the child's weight, if it does not reach the age of 12 years. This complicates the application, but allows you to eliminate the possibility of overdose. Many medicaments in the form of a suspension which is metered by a special syringe and measuring spoon.

Another feature is the use of restriction for assignment to patients whose weight does not reach 45 kg. Not every drug is contraindicated in this case, but many macrolides do not apply in such patients.

In the treatment of macrolides is important to consider that the daily dose should not be used for 1 time.

Usually the child it is divided into 3-4 hours during the day. In addition, children need to be sure to take probioticsFor example, Linex, in order to prevent intestinal dysbiosis. It is noted that macrolides very aggressive effect on the mucous membrane of the small intestine and colon.

The duration of treatment for a child ranges from 7-10 days. Longer use is not recommended. In each case, the duration is determined by the doctor. Experts note that children under 16 may be applied to the original or generic antibiotics, which often have the same degree of effectiveness.

After finishing the course of therapy for children is usually given additional diagnostics to assess the effectiveness of treatment. If necessary, the course is extended or appointed by other medicines.

Most often this group of antibiotics is prescribed for acute pathologies of upper and lower respiratory tract, as well as in the diagnosis of atypical bacterial infections of the skin and internal organs. Doctors warn parents that macrolides should appoint a pediatrician, self unacceptable.

Application pregnant

Preparations from the group of macrolides in most cases are able to penetrate through the placental barrier, so their function is not recommended for pregnant women. However, in some cases during childbearing women need to undergo a course of antibiotic therapy to reduce the risk of complications in the fetus.

Observed that preparations based on clarithromycin, and roxithromycin medikamitsina adversely affect the child's development. Therefore, they are absolutely contraindicated appoint pregnant. Considered safe drugs on the basis of josamycin, erythromycin and spiramycin. They are in a small number of cross the placental barrier and do not adversely affect the fetus.

To date, insufficient data about the effects of azithromycin on the fetus and the mother. Such medication is prescribed only in the case where the potential risk to the child's lower benefits for the mother.

In the breastfeeding period macrolides also prescribed with extreme caution, since almost all drugs of this group into breast milk.

Considered safe drugs based on erythromycin, spiramycin and josamycin. They penetrate into the breast milk, but no adverse impact on the child, so the cessation of feeding during treatment is not required.

Dosage of medicines for pregnant women and nursing do not differ from those used in adult treatment. Daily rate divided by 2-3 hours, and the course lasts no more than 10 days. This helps reduce negative effects on the body and reduce the risk of complications.

Contraindications

Macrolides antibiotics (list of drugs includes drugs from different subgroups) are allowed to use not always. There are absolute and relative contraindications.

By absolute include the following:

• Intolerance to the drug components.
• Propensity to allergic manifestations.
• Age up to 6 months (for many drugs).
• Severe hepatic and renal failure when the patient is not capable of processing active ingredients means.

Pregnancy is a relative contraindication. During this period, it is not necessary to use the medicine on the basis of azithromycin, clarithromycin, medikamitsina. Do not use Roxithromycin as a means for the treatment of pregnant women. During lactation such medicaments are also not recommended for use.

Among the relative contraindications can be identified advanced age. Macrolides such patients prescribed with caution. This is due to the presence of the elderly chronic pathologies of the heart, blood vessels and joints.

Types of macrolides and their effectiveness

To date, experts are known two main groups of antibiotics - natural and semisynthetic. The first obtained by processing natural materials, the latter - by means of breeding new components artificially. In addition, depending on the chemical structure of the isolated 14-, 15- and 16-membered antibiotics that have their own characteristics.

Subgroup	Features and efficiency
14-membered	These drugs came first and were bred by natural means. Erythromycin was the first, after which there was Clarithromycin and Roxithromycin. Funds are considered to be very effective against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative cocci. However, over the decades, some of the microorganisms become resistant to this sub-group of macrolides, which makes them less effective.
15-membered	This group includes all the azithromycin which comprise it as the active component, e.g., Azitral, Sumamed. In the subgroup is not a naturally occurring antibiotic, only synthetic means. based on azithromycin drugs are considered very effective, helping to eliminate the symptoms of the most common inflammatory diseases of the internal organs due to the destruction of pathogens.
16-membered	The most effective drugs with low toxicity. This subgroup can be attributed Josamycin, Spiramycin, Medikamitsin and all the means that contain the same name as a part of active substances. Funds are considered to be effective and safe for children, lactating and pregnant women, have an impact on the majority of pathogens. Specialists had not seen the ability of bacteria to develop resistance to the drugs in this subgroup.

In the past few years is developing new 18-membered macrolides, but they are not yet used in the treatment of patients.

When and how to take macrolides

Macrolides antibiotics (the list of drugs includes drugs produced in different forms and dosage) to be taken in a certain pattern. The dosage for an adult generally ranges from 500 mg to 2 g of active agent depending on the states of neglect. It is separated into 2-3 doses to provide a constant supply of the substance into the body.

14-membered macrolides are digested much worse when used in conjunction with food. That is why it is better to use 2 hours before or 2 hours after a meal. In most cases, experts are assigned to receive the morning and evening. Course duration is 7-10 days, but in some cases it is enough 3-5 days to reach the expression of results.

Doctors recommend to take the full course and not to stop taking immediately after the disappearance of acute symptoms of the pathology. Funds on the basis of azithromycin are well absorbed when used with food, and their effectiveness is not reduced. Important forms of oral drink sufficient quantities of water. The exception would be a suspension for children, it is not necessary to wash down.

In the treatment of macrolides is absolutely necessary to use probiotics for at least 7 days. This can be combined with the primary course of therapy or treatment just after completion of antibiotics. The first option is more preferred.

Absolutely contraindicated own course to extend or increase the dosage of medication. It can provoke serious complications and deterioration of general condition of the patient.

In each case, about the features of the use of various means to tell the doctor, taking into account the patient's age, weight and comorbidities.

List of new generation drugs

For the treatment of the most serious and dangerous inflammatory pathologies specialists prescribe a new generation of macrolides. They are less toxic, effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, and are considered to be relatively safe.

The most popular means:

• vilprafen - means on the basis of josamycin, manufactured in the form of capsules and suspensions for oral administration. Assign an adult to relief of symptoms of many pathologies. The initial dose is 1 per day, it may increase up to 2 grams if no therapeutic effect.
• Ekozitrin - the medicament comprising clarithromycin as active ingredient. It is indicated for pathologies of the digestive tract, soft tissues of the respiratory system. Available in tablet form. The daily dosage is usually 1 g, and the treatment lasts for 7 days.
• Rovamycinum - preparation on the basis of spiramycin, produced in the form of tablets and powder from which the prepared solution for parenteral administration. The dosage for an adult is 1.2 g per day depending on severity of disease symptoms.
• klatsid - medicines, of which consists of clarithromycin. It has a pronounced therapeutic effect. The daily dosage for the patient - from 500 mg to 2 g of the drug. Accepted throughout the week.
• fromilid - another product based on clarithromycin, helps fight inflammatory pathologies. Take medication for at least 7 days in a row. It is produced in the form of tablets, and granules for suspension.

The dosage of the majority of macrolides for adults are no different, but each patient is necessary to choose the right medication.

Preparations for children

Children of all ages can assign the same facilities as adults, but in a different dosage form. In most cases, a child of 12 years prescribed suspension, and older patients tablets or capsules.

The most popular medications:

• sumamed in the form of suspensions, capsules and tablets administered to children. As part of the funds contained azithromycin, has expressed bacteriostatic properties. Infants 6 months prescribed suspension, after 12 years allowed to take capsules, tablets shown with three years if the dosage is 125 mg.
• Azitroks on the basis of azithromycin administered to children from 12 years. He has a strong effect, it helps to eliminate the symptoms of disease, rarely provokes complications.
• erythromycin indicated for children from 6 years. The dosage is determined by taking into account body weight. The tablet contains 100 mg of the active ingredient and the same name can be divided into 2 or 4 parts.

In addition, patients under 18 years are designated Vilprafen and its analogs, as well as products based on clarithromycin. Dosage, duration of the course is determined by a specialist after a preliminary examination and investigation.

All the antibiotics that belong to the group of macrolides, today considered one of the most effective and least toxic. They quickly destroy pathogens and help prevent complications. List this group of drugs is increasing every year, so every adult and child can choose the most appropriate medication.

Registration of the article: Vladimir the Great

Video of the macrolide

Basic Pharmacology antibiotics violating protein synthesis (part 2):