Transmural myocardial infarction: what it is, sharp, causes, treatment

Transmural infarction - a disease in which myocardial necrosis occurs. Destructive processes affecting all layers - an average heart muscle, endocardium and epicardium.

Causes of

The primary cause of acute myocardial infarction (as doctors call acute myocardial infarction) Are circulatory disorders of organ or portion thereof. When the cells do not get enough oxygen and nutrients, they begin to die off (necrosis occurs). Transmural form occurs for the same reason, ie, due to vascular atherosclerosis and as a consequence of oxygen deficiency.

Isolate 3 pathophysiological mechanism:

1. There is a rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque. In most cases this is due to a sharp increase in sympathetic nervous system activity, such as blood pressure increase.
2. In place of intact or ruptured plaques develop thrombosis (during amplification platelet aggregation).
3. Vasoconstriction, ie restriction site or artery on which the plaque or of the coronary vessels (called generalized form).

After plaque rupture can occur bleeding directly into it. This version of events is considered to be beneficial because it will lead to the occurrence of ischemic stroke and the gradual progression of the disease but not a heart attack.

In unfavorable circumstances formed thrombus which blocks the artery, and when there is insufficient blood circulation starts tissue necrosis.

Risk factors include:

• age - disease susceptible people over 45 years old;
• genetic predisposition;
• sedentary lifestyle;
• chronic stress;
• wrong diet that includes too much fat, leading to an increase in bad cholesterol.

The negative role played by bad habits (smoking, alcohol abuse).

Clinical picture and diagnostics

Transmural myocardial stage of development can be summarized as follows:

1. Prodromal period (sometimes it may be omitted, but on average lasts up to 30 days). At this time the patient first encounters with chest pain (both after stress and at rest).
2. The acute period. It lasts about 2 hours and terminated by severe pain, which can be characterized as a dagger.
3. The acute period. It lasts up to 10 days from the beginning of myocardial infarction. Partially repeat the previous phase symptoms.
4. Subacute period (initially 10 days and lasts for up to 1-2 months). Pain absent gradually begin recovery processes.
5. scarring period. It lasts from 2-3 months to six months, sometimes completed only a few years later.

Acute transmural myocardial infarction can manifest different symptoms depending on the severity of the disease. When it observed the following phenomena:

• tachycardia, ie, often painful palpitations;
• feeling a sinking heart;
• sharp pain on the left side of the body (they occur in the chest, but may be given in the arm, shoulder, ear and the left side of the lower jaw);
• asthma, in its manifestations resembling asthma.

Pain is wave-like nature, the attack lasts from a few hours to a day. The patient pale skin and mucous membranes. If you have these symptoms it is recommended to consult a doctor.

In order to deliver the appropriate diagnosis, a specialist should conduct a survey - do an electrocardiogram. ECG provides a picture confirming tissue necrosis due to improper distribution of electric potentials in the survey. A blood test will help you understand some of the largest affected area in question.

Treatment

Treatment involves the violation:

• pain relief;
• measures aimed at the restoration of blood flow;
• decrease in demand of the heart muscle of oxygen;
• restriction necrotic portion size;
• preventive measures necessary to prevent complications.

Treatment can be either conservative or surgical.

preparations

For relief of pain attack, various drugs, r. H. Morphine, which is administered intravenously in divided portions every 5-15 minutes by diluting with physiological saline.

Since myocardial often accompanied by anxiety and irrational fear, patients are given tranquilizers (ì). To eliminate clots in blood vessels and normalization used drugs such as heparin, Fibrinolizin et al.

With arrhythmia fighting means such as nitrates (nitroglycerin) and beta-blockers (atenolol).

Operation

Surgical techniques include options such as coronary bypass surgery and intravascular surgery. In the first case we are talking about the creation of artificial paths that allow you to bypass atherosclerotic arteries. In the second - on the balloon angioplastyIn which a special type of catheter is held in place of artery narrowing, inflated under pressure and restores the lumen of the vessel.

Selects the method of doctor depending on the patient's health status and other factors.

Traditional methods

Folk remedies for the treatment of heart attacks do not apply, since no decoctions and infusions can not remove the cause of the disease. These methods are good only at the stage of development of atherosclerosis when they can slow the formation of plaque, or even reverse it.

In such cases, we recommend the following medications:

1. Infusion of hawthorn flowers. 5 g of vegetable raw pour 1 cup boiling water, covered with a lid, heated in a water bath for 15 minutes. Then cooled to room temperature, filter and drink half a glass twice daily for half an hour before a meal.
2. Infusion of plantain. 1 tablespoon dry raw pour 1 cup of boiled water for 10 minutes, filtered and drink in sips during the day.

Such means may be used to treat any diseases of the cardiovascular system.

prevention

No preventive measures do not guarantee that a person will be able to avoid a heart attack, but they reduce the risk of disease. These include:

• compliance with low-cholesterol diet with reduced fat (they can not be completely ruled out);
• reduction of salt consumption, which helps reduce the risk of hypertension;
• moderate exercise to improve blood circulation and reduce excess weight.

In addition, it is recommended to avoid severe stress and increased physical activity.